Abstract
Electrostatic energies of various planar and nearly planar arrays of charges and image charges, dipoles and image dipoles are calculated on the assumption of a discontinuity in dielectric constant nearby. Changes in electrostatic energy and interfacial energy are evaluated for small amplitude, wavy perturbations of a flat interface. Electrical contributions are destabilizing and, because of the discreteness of charge, marginal configurational stability occurs when total interfacial tension is still positive but small—a few dynes per centimeter or less. The effect of an adsorbed or deposited layer of ions depends strongly on how they rearrange when the interface is deformed; the generally weaker effect of a layer of dipoles depends greatly on how they reorient.
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