Stability in the South, Turbulence Toward the North: Evolutionary History of Aurinia saxatilis (Brassicaceae) Revealed by Phylogenomic and Climatic Modelling Data.

Ivana Rešetnik,Paolo Bartolić,Sandro Bogdanović,Božo Frajman,Marin Grgurev,Eliška Záveská

doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.822331

Abstract

The Balkan Peninsula played an important role in the evolution of many Mediterranean plants and served as a major source for post-Pleistocene colonisation of central and northern Europe. Its complex geo-climatic history and environmental heterogeneity significantly influenced spatiotemporal diversification and resulted in intricate phylogeographic patterns. To explore the evolutionary dynamics and phylogeographic patterns within the widespread eastern Mediterranean and central European species Aurinia saxatilis, we used a combination of phylogenomic (restriction-site associated DNA sequencing, RADseq) and phylogenetic (sequences of the plastid marker ndhF) data as well as species distribution models generated for the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The inferred phylogenies retrieved three main geographically distinct lineages. The southern lineage is restricted to the eastern Mediterranean, where it is distributed throughout the Aegean area, the southern Balkan Peninsula, and the southern Apennine Peninsula, and corresponds to the species main distribution area during the LGM. The eastern lineage extends from the eastern Balkan Peninsula over the Carpathians to central Europe, while the central lineage occupies the central Balkan Peninsula. Molecular dating places the divergence among all the three lineages to the early to middle Pleistocene, indicating their long-term independent evolutionary trajectories. Our data revealed an early divergence and stable in situ persistence of the southernmost, eastern Mediterranean lineage, whereas the mainland, south-east European lineages experienced more complex and turbulent evolutionary dynamics triggered by Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Our data also support the existence of multiple glacial refugia in southeast Europe and highlight the central Balkan Peninsula not only as a cradle of lineage diversifications but also as a source of lineage dispersal. Finally, the extant genetic variation within A. saxatilis is congruent with the taxonomic separation of peripatric A. saxatilis subsp. saxatilis and A. saxatilis subsp. orientalis, whereas the taxonomic status of A. saxatilis subsp. megalocarpa remains doubtful.

Highlights

The Balkan, Apennine and Iberian Peninsulas extending to the Mediterranean Basin represent European biodiversity hotspots, hosting high species richness and genetic diversity (Petit et al, 2003; Hewitt, 2011; Nieto Feliner, 2014; Gömöry et al, 2020)
We further explore whether the distribution of A. saxatilis in eastern and central Europe is a consequence of post-glacial expansion from the southern Balkan refugium or if there is evidence for in situ glacial survival
Bayesian and parsimony analyses resulted in largely congruent trees (Figure 1A and Supplementary Figure 4)

Summary

Introduction

The Balkan, Apennine and Iberian Peninsulas extending to the Mediterranean Basin represent European biodiversity hotspots, hosting high species richness and genetic diversity (Petit et al, 2003; Hewitt, 2011; Nieto Feliner, 2014; Gömöry et al, 2020). They were important Pleistocene refugia, from where biota expanded during interglacial periods, including the Holocene, and colonised central and northern Europe (Taberlet et al, 1998; Hewitt, 1999; Tzedakis et al, 2013). Several more northern lineages successfully expanded from the Balkan Peninsula and colonised central Europe and areas beyond (Magri et al, 2006; Frajman and Oxelman, 2007; Bardy et al, 2010; Rešetnik et al, 2016; Ðurovicet al., 2017; Cakovicet al., 2021). Multiple Balkan lineages migrated trans-Adriatically and colonised the Apennine Peninsula (e.g., Rešetnik et al, 2016; Frajman and Schönswetter, 2017; Falch et al, 2019) or expanded to the Carpathians and the Pontic area (e.g., Frajman and Oxelman, 2007; Puscas et al, 2008; Csergö et al, 2009; Ronikier, 2011; Stachurska-Swakonet al., 2013; Ðurovicet al., 2017)

Methods

Results

Conclusion