Abstract
Long-term stability is one of the major challenges for p-i-n type perovskite solar modules (PSMs). Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of fully laser-patterned series interconnected p-i-n perovskite mini-modules, in which either single Cu or Ag layers are compared with Cu/Au metal-bilayer top electrodes. According to the scanning electron microscopy measurements, we found that Cu or Ag top electrodes often exhibit flaking of the metal upon P3 (top contact removal) laser patterning. For Cu/Au bilayer top electrodes, metal flaking may cause intermittent short-circuits between interconnected sub-cells during operation, resulting in fluctuations in the maximum power point (MPP). Here, we demonstrate Cu/Au metal-bilayer-based PSMs with an efficiency of 18.9% on an active area of 2.2 cm2 under continuous 1-sun illumination. This work highlights the importance of optimizing the top-contact composition to tackle the operational stability of mini-modules, and could help to improve the feasibility of large-area module deployment for the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics.
Highlights
Metal-halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted attention by demonstrating a small-area power conversion efficiency (PCE) of more than 25% in the last few years [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8].For large-scale utilization, solar module fabrication needs to be developed with a number of interconnected cells, compared to a small-area single cell [9,10]
A detailed explanation of the perovskite solar modules (PSMs) fabrication process is given in the experimental section
PSMs were built on conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates, prepared by P1 patterning
Summary
Metal-halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted attention by demonstrating a small-area power conversion efficiency (PCE) of more than 25% in the last few years [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. P-i-n PSMs can be fabricated using easy and low-temperature processing steps With regard to the P3 patterning step, it has been reported that flaking, or the formation of large metal flakes or particles of top metal electrode, causes problems with the electrical isolation of the series interconnected sub-cells in modules [20]. The flaking causes fluctuations in the maximum power point (MPP) tracking under continuous 1-sun illumination, which result in a reduction in module performance and long-term stability due to intermittent lack of contact with the sub-cells [21]. PSMs with a Cu/Au electrode nullified the fluctuations which occurred in the MPP due to the formation of Cu metal particles at different interconnections of the cells This module strategy enables the development of a highly efficient and stable large-area module
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