Abstract
Nanoparticle-based therapeutics have been used in pulmonary formulations to enhance delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs, protect drugs against degradation and achieve modified release and drug targeting. This review focuses on the use of spray drying as a solidification technique to produce microparticles containing nanoparticles (i.e., nanoparticle (NP) agglomerates) with suitable properties as dry powders for inhalation. The review covers the general aspects of pulmonary drug delivery with emphasis on nanoparticle-based dry powders for inhalation and the principles of spray drying as a method for the conversion of nanosuspensions to microparticles. The production and therapeutic applications of the following types of NP agglomerates are presented: nanoporous microparticles, nanocrystalline agglomerates, lipid-based and polymeric formulations. The use of alternative spray-drying techniques, namely nano spray drying, and supercritical CO2-assisted spray drying is also discussed as a way to produce inhalable NP agglomerates.
Highlights
Pulmonary Drug Delivery Using Dry Powder InhalersDrug delivery to the lungs is an effective way of targeting inhaled therapeutic aerosols for the treatment of respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), cystic fibrosis, lung cancer and pulmonary arterial hypertension
The Nanoporous Microparticles (NPMPs) exhibited a bioavailability between 10.1 and 14.9% and a similar pharmacokinetic profile to that of salmon calcitonin in solution. These findings indicate the advantages of these dry powder formulations as non-invasive delivery systems offering ease of administration of salmon calcitonin and potentially other peptides/proteins
Controlled agglomeration of NPs to micron-sized clusters is a formulation strategy which combines the advantages of nanotherapeutics with the aerodynamics of microparticles which are required for efficient pulmonary drug delivery
Summary
Drug delivery to the lungs is an effective way of targeting inhaled therapeutic aerosols for the treatment of respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), cystic fibrosis, lung cancer and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Particle size is the main determinant in the deposition of inhaled aerosols within the lungs. Ofof breath-holding cancan enhance the deposition by thebylatter sedimentation impaction.Periods. It is often two mechanisms as they time for particles with low settling to [2]. ~3 μm and smaller than nm alveolar deposition can be achieved for two distinct particle sizes; ~3 μm and smaller than 50 nmbyby sedimentation and diffusion respectively [4]. They are the fastest-growing segmentof using specific devices known as dry powder inhalers (DPIs) They are the fastest-growing segment of the asthma and COPD devices market [5]. Pathogenesis and functional changes of the barrier in obstructive lung disease Rational particle design for overcoming lung barriers [11] Use of excipients, their effectiveness and toxicity for pulmonary administration. Strategies to formulate nanoparticles (NPs) as DPIs with enhanced deposition in the deep lungs and enhanced redispersibility
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