Abstract
Crossover youth include youth who have experienced maltreatment and engage in delinquent behaviors.1 Dual-system youth – or crossover youth with prior or current involvement in both the child welfare and juvenile justice systems (45-70% of juvenile justice-involved youth)1 – represent a particularly vulnerable population. When compared with juvenile justice-involved youth without maltreatment or child welfare history, crossover and dual-system youth are disproportionately Black or Indigenous American, female, and/or sexually minoritized, and have higher mental health needs and service use.1 A study examining young adult outcomes in New York City found that nearly 15% of foster care youth and 57% of dually involved youth experienced incarceration within 6 years of leaving the child welfare system.2 In addition to poor outcomes associated with juvenile or criminal justice involvement, dually involved youth are at increased risk for poor adulthood outcomes related to education, employment, physical and mental health, homelessness, and further criminal justice involvement.2
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