Spherulite formation in green nonaqueous media: The impact of urea on gelation in glycerol

Abstract

HypothesisLarge macroscopic assemblies formed by a surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), and glycerol, can be directed to assemble in a hierarchical manner by the addition of a strong hydrogen-bond donor/acceptor, such as urea. ContextSelf-assembly in complex media is important to a range of applications, for instance in biological media, which are multi-component, to industrial formulations, where additives are present for flavour, texture, and preservation. Here, the gelation and self-assembly of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) in glycerol is explored in the presence of an additive, urea. Urea was chosen due to its importance both fundamentally and industrially, but also because of its ability to form strong H-bonds and interact with both glycerol and SDS. ExperimentalTo cover the variety of length scales present in the gel-like phase, a combination of optical microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering techniques were used to probe the micro- to nanoscale. FindingsOn the microscale, the formation of a spectacular spherulite phase, even at low urea contents - 0.1 wt%, upon cooling was observed, a stark difference to the microfibrillar phase observed in the absence of urea. Interestingly, the nanostructure of the two crystalline phases were similar and showed negligible differences. This suggests that urea is not involved in the SDS/glycerol microfibril formation but instead directs the assembly of spherulites by bundling the microfibrils. These ternary systems are also probed as a function of urea content, SDS concentration, and temperature. The observations in this work highlight the importance of small molecules in the self-assembly process, which is relevant both fundamentally but also industrially, where small molecules are often added to formulations.