Spermine oxidase regulates liver inflammation and fibrosis through β-catenin pathway

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BackgroundSpermine oxidase (SMOX), an inducible enzyme involved in the catabolic pathway of polyamine, was found to be upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and might be an important oncogene of it in our previous studies. This study attempted to further investigate its relationship with liver inflammation and fibrosis both in vitro and in vivo. MethodsThe effect of SMOX inhibition on LPS-induced inflammatory response in mouse liver cell line AML12 was validated by using small interfering RNA or SMOX inhibitor MDL72527. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were utilized to verify whether LPS could induce β-catenin to transfer into the nucleus and whether it could be reversed by interfering with the expression of SMOX or using SMOX inhibitor. Then, the SMOX inhibitor MDL72527 and SMOX knockout mice were used to verify the hypothesis above in vivo. ResultsThe expression of SMOX could be induced by LPS in AML12 cells. The inhibition of SMOX could inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory response in AML12 cells. LPS could induce β-catenin transfer from cytoplasm to nucleus, while SMOX downregulation or inhibition could partially reverse this process. In vivo intervention with SMOX inhibitor MDL72527 or SMOX knockout mice could significantly improve the damage of liver function, reduce intrahepatic inflammation, inhibit the nuclear transfer of β-catenin in liver tissue, and alleviate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice. ConclusionSMOX can promote the inflammatory response and fibrosis of hepatocytes. It provides a new therapeutic strategy for hepatitis and liver fibrosis, inhibiting early liver cancer.