Spectroscopic studies of the size and composition of single aerosol droplets

Abstract

The characterization of aerosol properties and processes, non-intrusively and directly, poses a severe analytical challenge. In order to understand the role of aerosols in often complex environments, it is necessary to probe the particles in situ and without perturbation. Sampling followed by end-of-line analysis can lead to perturbations in particle composition, morphology and size, particularly when analysing liquid aerosol droplets containing volatile components. Optical spectroscopy can provide a strategy for the direct assessment of particle size, composition and phase. We review here the application of linear and non-linear Raman spectroscopies in the characterization of liquid aerosol droplets. Spontaneous Raman scattering can allow the unambiguous identification of chemical components and the determination of droplet composition. Stimulated Raman spectroscopy can allow the determination of droplet size with nanometre accuracy and can allow the characterization of near-surface composition. When combined, the mixing state and homogeneity in droplet composition can be investigated. We highlight some applications of these spectroscopic techniques in studies of the kinetics of particle transformation, the equilibrium composition of aqueous aerosol droplets, and the coagulation and mixing state of organic and aqueous aerosol components. Specifically, we examine the heat and mass transfer accompanying the evaporation of volatile components from liquid droplets, the equilibrium size of aqueous/sodium chloride droplets with varying relative humidity, and the mixing of the immiscible decane and water components during droplet coagulation. We conclude by considering the potential of these techniques for improving our understanding of aerosol properties and processes.