Abstract
Techniques based on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with materials can be extremely useful for the characterization of water in solids of pharmaceutical interest. When combined with other physical methods, such as calorimetry, thermogravimetry, or titration, spectral techniques can be used to deduce information regarding the nature of water contained within a solid. The spectral methods are particularly useful in the study of hydrate species, and in the differentiation of hydrate water from entrapped or adventitious water. The most useful methods are powder x-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These particular methods have been used in the study of ampicillin hydrate species.
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