Abstract
Users of electron column instruments have long known of the mischievous results of charging of non-conductive specimens. The consequences can range from slight image degradation to complete chaos, and in the case of reflection electron diffraction sometimes produces images of expanding and collapsing bubbles instead of steady concentric rings.The cure for this trouble has usually been to vacuum coat the specimen with a conductive layer: carbon, gold, and to a limited degree, fine graphite spray-coated on the surface (1,2). Charge neutralizing with alpha-emitting isotopes or electron guns where a general spray of electrons with a few hundred volts of energy is aimed at the entire specimen also have been used to allow incipient charging to leak off to ground.
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