Specificity of Liability based on the Status of the Participants of Legal Relations

Abstract

From the standpoint of the consistency of the civil law reform, the article compares the rules of civil liability and the legal status of participants of civil relations. The author identifies and illustrates peculiarities of liability that depend on the legal status within the detor-creditor relation. Within business relations, the article considers complex interests, the right to reduce the penalty for the breach of an obligation by an entrepreneur, limitations of liability of an entrepreneur concerning the ways to secure fulfillment of obligations, limitation of opportunities to declare void the contract associated with the business activity of parties to this contract. The author identifies the specificity of the contractor's liability before the consumer under the non-gratuitous contract in consumer protection legislation. The author considers distinctive features of a penalty under the contractual system legislation with regard to the state (municipal) customer and supplier (contractor, executor). The author analyzes and systematizes changes in law concerning liability and associated with the specificity of a legal status of legal entities. The paper identifies the problems for the legal Institution of liability, tendencies to recognize a body of a legal entity as a quasi-capable. The author considers selected issues of interrelation and distribution of liability between legal entities, their organs and members of the organs of legal entities in internal relations and in transactions with other persons. As a result, the author reveals specificity and tendencies in the development of the institution of civil liability in accordance with participants involved. Changes in the legislation on civil liability associated with the specificity of a legal status of legal entities are in fact conditioned by the new version of Chapter 4 of the Civil Code and the extending application of general provisions to the obligations to claim that arise from corporate relations. In inside relations, a member of the body of the legal entity is liable directly to the organization. In other relations, where the legal entity itself acts externally, first, the organization undertakes adverse effects and then, in recourse, the organization can recover its losses from a member of the organ of the legal entity. Keywords: debtor, contract system, corporate attitude, creditor, penalty, obligation, body of a legal entity, liability, consumer rights, business relations, principle of equality, complex interests, legal entity.