Abstract
Human norovirus is the major cause of non-bacterial epidemic gastroenteritis. Human norovirus binds to environmental solids via specific and non-specific interactions, and several specific receptors for human norovirus have been reported. Among them, histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) are the most studied specific receptor. Studies have identified the presence of HBGA-like substances in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of human enteric bacteria present in aquatic environments, gastrointestinal cells, gills, and palps of shellfish, and cell walls, leaves, and veins of lettuce. These HBGA-like substances also interact with human norovirus in a genotype-dependent manner. Specific interactions between human norovirus and environmental matrices can affect norovirus removal, infectivity, inactivation, persistence, and circulation. This review summarizes the current knowledge and future directions related to the specific interactions between human norovirus and HBGA-like substances in environmental matrices and their possible effects on the fate and circulation of human norovirus.
Highlights
Human norovirus is the major cause of non-bacterial epidemic gastroenteritis
This review summarizes the current knowledge on specific interactions between human norovirus and specific environmental receptors and their effects on norovirus ecology
The results revealed that both A and B saccharides strongly interact with P protein of VA387 [39]. α-fucose plays a central role in norovirus–receptor interactions, while β-galactose may not be crucial [39]
Summary
Human norovirus is the major cause of non-bacterial epidemic gastroenteritis. More than. Up to 1.6 × 1012 genome copies of human norovirus per gram of feces are discharged from infected individuals [7] Sewage, containing these norovirus particles, is discharged to natural water bodies or end up in wastewater treatment plants. During the evaluation of virus removal performance by a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR), the association of norovirus with mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) was comparatively higher than that of enteroviruses [25]. Another full-scale MBR study reported that 91%. The possible effects of specific interactions between human norovirus and environmental matrices on norovirus ecology have not been completely evaluated yet. Important research questions, which need to be answered to further understand the environmental norovirus ecology, are highlighted
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