Specific features of the immune status of patients with bronchial asthma and COVID-19.

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Aim: to study the specific features of changes in the immune status of patients with bronchial asthma and COVID-19
 Materials and methods: Study date: 08.2021-04.22. Study design: a review. A literature review was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library databases, as well as a manual search for suitable articles. We analyzed immunological differences that may influence the pathophysiological process in patients with COVID-19 and asthma, including immunoglobulins, interferons, and local immune cells.
 Results: Through a study of 39 studies, including retrospective analyses, it was found that it is still unknown whether the asthma phenotype contributes to some protection of patients from COVID-19. Several immune differences have been found between COVID-19 patients with and without comorbid asthma: decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12), impaired production of type I and III interferons ( IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ), which is a priority produced to fight the COVID-19 virus.
 Conclusions: Several of the research that have been reported so far are retrospective and do not differentiate between asthma phenotypes. Extensive therapeutic and immunological markers are severely lacking. To obtain a better knowledge of the immunological and metabolic link between COVID-19 and asthma, comprehensive endotyping of individuals with COVID-19 and asthma would be necessary. Furthermore, further information on the transcriptional and translational level of receptors modulation is needed at the level of virus-host contacts in relation to the virus's cellular entrance process. Furthermore, longterm prospective investigations are lacking. Additional knowledge on COVID-19 in asthmatic and allergy individuals is fast becoming available. Recent asthma treatment guidelines in the framework of COVID-19 should not be modified, according to current thinking. If indicated, patients will receive pharmacological therapy based on guidelines, including ICSs and biological treatments.