Abstract
Taking the 30 Chinese provinces in 2000–2018 as the objects, this paper measures their agricultural environmental efficiencies (AEEs) with slack-based measure (SBM) containing an undesired output. Then, the features of the spatiotemporal evolution of AEE in China were explored on ArcGIS, and the factors affecting the AEE were analyzed with a geodetector. The results show that there is a huge provincial gap in AEE across China; most provinces with a high AEE belong to eastern coastal region, while most inland provinces had a relatively low AEE. Except for a few years, the AEEs in eastern, central, and western regions changed very slightly, and the eastern region had a higher AEE level than central and western regions. The results of spatiotemporal evolution show that, with the elapse of time, the high-AEE provinces gradually shifted to the inland; the AEE trend varied from province to province; the provinces were highly polarized in terms of AEE. The AEE is mainly affected by the following factors: fiscal expenditure, fertilizer intensity, pesticide intensity, and economic growth.
Highlights
Since the reform and opening-up, China has achieved remarkable achievements in agricultural development.e agricultural modernization of China is accompanied by a continuous growth in mechanization level
Pesticides, and diesel are consumed in agricultural production activities. us, a huge number of resources is expended, and pollutants are discharged in large quantities, resulting in an increasingly prominent contradiction between agricultural development and environmental protection
To coordinate the development between agricultural growth, resource utilization, and eco-environmental protection, it is of great significance to include the pollutants generated in agricultural production into the analysis framework of agricultural environmental efficiency (AEE) and adopt scientific measures to evaluate the current agricultural environmental efficiencies (AEEs) level of China [1,2,3]
Summary
Since the reform and opening-up, China has achieved remarkable achievements in agricultural development. To coordinate the development between agricultural growth, resource utilization, and eco-environmental protection, it is of great significance to include the pollutants generated in agricultural production into the analysis framework of agricultural environmental efficiency (AEE) and adopt scientific measures to evaluate the current AEE level of China [1,2,3]. The existing research faces two shortcomings: (1) most AEE evaluations treat the non-point source pollution of agriculture as the undesired output, failing to consider the carbon emission in agricultural production; (2) few studies have tackled the spatiotemporal evolution of the AEE. The influencing factors of the AEE were investigated with geodetector
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