Abstract
Foraging networks are a key element for ant colonies because they facilitate the flow of resources from the environment to the nest and they allow the sharing of information among individuals. Here we report the results of an 8-month survey, extending from November 2009 to June 2010, of the foraging networks of four mature colonies of Atta bisphaerica, a species of grass-cutting ant which is considered as a pest in Brazil. We found that the distribution of foraging effort was strongly influenced by the landscape features around the nests, in particular by the permanently wet parts of the pasture in which the nests were located. The foraging networks consisted of underground tunnels which opened on average at 21.5m from the nests and of above-ground physical trails that reached on average 4.70m in length. The use of the foraging networks was highly dynamic, with few sections of the networks used for long periods of time. Three different phases, which could be linked to the seasonal change in the local rainfall regime, could be identified in the construction and use of the foraging networks. The first phase corresponded to the beginning of the rainy season and was characterized by a low foraging activity, as well as a low excavation and physical trail construction effort. The second phase, which began in February and extended up to the end of the humid season at the end of March, was characterized by an intense excavation and trail construction effort, resulting in an expansion of the foraging networks. Finally, in the third phase, which corresponded to the beginning of the dry season, the excavation and trail construction effort leveled off or decreased while foraging activity kept increasing. Our hypothesis is that ants could benefit from the underground tunnels and physical trails built during the humid season to maintain their foraging activity at a high level.
Highlights
A lot of animals travel inside their home range by using well-defined routes that are cleared of vegetation and obstacles [1]
Despite the seemingly less patchy distribution of the resources collected by grass cutting ants compared to leaf-cutting ant species, the foraging network of A. bisphaerica proved to be highly dynamic and few sections of the foraging trails were used for long periods of time
A. bisphaerica foraging workers rapidly shifted the location of their foraging activity, probably in order to choose the most profitable patches of grass
Summary
A lot of animals travel inside their home range by using well-defined routes that are cleared of vegetation and obstacles [1] When these routes branch or interconnect they end up forming a network that facilitates the flow of resources through the environment and the sharing of information among individuals [2]. As engineers of ecosystems [7], ants build and maintain their routes by cutting the growing vegetation and clearing the debris of various sorts falling on the trails [8] These routes generally last a few days or up to a few weeks [9,10,11] but in some ant species, for which the resources exploited are highly persistent and renewed from one year to the other, they can last for years [12,13,14] and be considered as a "physical memory" of the resource location [15, 16]. The networks typically have a dendritic shape, with one or several trails departing from the nest and branching successively in different directions until reaching the foraging resources
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