Abstract
With several decades of concerted control efforts, visceral leishmaniasis(VL) eradication had almost been achieved in China. However, VL cases continue to be detected in parts of western China recent years. Using data of reported cases, this study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and spatio⁃temporal distribution, of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) in China between the years 2015 and 2019. Epidemiological data pertaining to patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) were collected in Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Shanxi, Henan and Hebei provinces between the years 2015 and 2019. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to determine changes in the epidemic trend of MT-ZVL within the time period during which data was collected. Spatial autocorrelation of infection was examined using the Global Moran's I statistic wand hotspot analysis was carried out using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic. Spatio-temporal clustering analysis was conducted using the retrospective space-time permutation flexible spatial scanning statistics. A total of 529 cases of MT-ZVL were detected in the six provinces from which data were collected during the study time period, predominantly in Gansu (55.0%), Shanxi (21.7%), Shaanxi (12.5%) and Sichuan (8.9%) provinces. A decline in VL incidence in China was observed during the study period, whereas an increase in MT-ZVL incidence was observed in the six provinces from which data was obtained (t = 4.87, P < 0.05), with highest incidence in Shanxi province (t = 16.91, P < 0.05). Significant differences in the Moran's I statistic were observed during study time period (P < 0.05), indicating spatial autocorrelation in the spatial distribution of MT-ZVL. Hotspot and spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed clustering of infection cases in the Shaanxi-Shanxi border areas and in east of Shanxi province, where transmission increased rapidly over the study duration, as well as in well know high transmission areas in the south of Gansu province and the north of the Sichuan province. It indicates resurgence of MT-ZVL transmission over the latter three years of the study. Spatial clustering of infection was observed in localized areas, as well as sporadic outbreaks of infection.
Highlights
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), known as kala-azar, is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania parasite and transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies [1]
It was defined as a neglected tropical disease (NTD) by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2010
A total of 529 cases of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) were reported in six provinces and predominantly in Gansu (55.0%), Shanxi (21.7%), Shaanxi (12.5%) and Sichuan (8.9%) provinces
Summary
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), known as kala-azar, is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania parasite and transmitted by the bite of infected sandflies [1]. This zoonosis is prevalent in 88 countries across East Africa, South Asia, South America and the Mediterranean [2]. In 2010, VL was defined as a neglected tropical disease (NTD) by the World Health Organization (WHO). NTDs are a group of parasitic and bacterial diseases intimately linked to poverty and affecting more than one billion people worldwide annually [5,6]. VL cases continue to be detected in parts of western China, including Kashgar in Xinjiang, the southern Gansu province and northern Sichuan province, with localised clustering of VL occasionally reported [8]
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