Abstract
AbstractFuture climate change throughout the Arctic is expected to increase channel stability in glacially influenced streams through reduced contributions from glacial meltwater and increases in groundwater. In contrast, predictions for northeast Greenland of increased precipitation for the next 100 years—including winter snowfall—which with warmer air temperature, is expected to increase the size of spring floods in snowmelt streams. Coupled with increased disturbance through frequent summer rainfall events, nivation processes and permafrost degradation will reduce resistance of channel sediments to erosion and thereby decrease channel stability. Decreased channel stability will impact macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity. Five streams sourced by snowpacks of varying extent were studied over 3 summer seasons (2013–2015) to investigate the potential effect of shift in snowmelt regime on macroinvertebrate communities.Total abundance and taxa richness were significantly higher in streams with small snowpacks, where the chironomid genus Hydrobaenus was the most abundant taxon. Streams with large snowpacks were dominated by the chironomid genus Diamesa. Multivariate ordination models and correlation indicated that macroinvertebrate communities were significantly influenced by channel stability and bed sediment size. Macroinvertebrate abundance was significantly higher in 2013, following low winter snowfall and associated low meltwater inputs to streams, highlighting interannual variability in macroinvertebrate communities.A shift towards less stable habitats in snowmelt streams will potentially lead to reduced macroinvertebrate abundance and taxa richness, and local extinction of specialized taxa. Thus, snowmelt‐fed streams in northeast Greenland may respond very differently to changing climate compared with streams in parts of the Arctic dominated by glacial meltwater.
Highlights
Climate change is expected to cause large shifts in Arctic ecosystems (Anisimov et al, 2007; Prowse et al, 2009; Prowse, Furgal, Wrona, & Reist, 2009; Walsh et al, 2005), with some of the most pronounced changes in northeast Greenland (Stendel, Christiansen, & Petersen, 2008)
Snowmelt‐fed streams in northeast Greenland may respond very differently to changing climate compared with streams in parts of the Arctic dominated by glacial meltwater
This has been tested for thermokarst activity, this has not been tested in relation to the overall effect of climate change on snowmelt‐dominated Arctic streams
Summary
Climate change is expected to cause large shifts in Arctic ecosystems (Anisimov et al, 2007; Prowse et al, 2009; Prowse, Furgal, Wrona, & Reist, 2009; Walsh et al, 2005), with some of the most pronounced changes in northeast Greenland (Stendel, Christiansen, & Petersen, 2008). Stream studies on increased thermokarst activity in Arctic Canada indicated that high sediment load from increased channel disturbance can cause decreased macroinvertebrate community complexity in streams (Chin et al, 2016) by reducing habitat availability, altering water chemistry and causing negative physiological impacts such as the clogging of feeding and respiratory organs (Jones, Duerdoth, Collins, Naden, & Sear, 2012; Lemly, 1982). This has been tested for thermokarst activity, this has not been tested in relation to the overall effect of climate change on snowmelt‐dominated Arctic streams. Indicator taxa for different stream ecosystems will be determined, and results were compared with other areas of Greenland and the wider Arctic in order to explore the implications of climate change for Arctic snowmelt streams
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