Abstract
By making use of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis the spatial and temporal variability was investigated in January over the period of 1950 to 2000 in Pakistan. The analysis is based on the combination of ground observed mean monthly temperature data and National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data of sea level pressure (SLP) and 500-hPa fields. The results reasonably reveal that the variation in January temperature have links with global teleconnections at SLP and 500-hPa pressure heights. The analysis shows variability at interannual to interdecadal time scale. The interannual variation is more prominent than the interdecadal signal of temperature anomaly. The simulated coefficient patterns show reasonable variation with regional detail from south (north) to north (south) in the study area. The study could be useful as baseline information for climate change studies in Pakistan.
Highlights
Temperature changes at all spatial-temporal scales remain the major concern of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
The Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis in meteorology can be efficiently applied for the diagnosis of spatial process where results are displayed [13] effectively and this is the reason behind its ever-growing importance in the climate sciences
The depicted results in each set of EOF are shown with the help of Pakistan map displays spatial coefficient patterns, a time series, and correlation coefficient at sea level pressure (SLP) and relationship at 500-hPa height
Summary
Temperature changes at all spatial-temporal scales remain the major concern of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). A general agreement exists, that the increasing (decreasing) trend of temperature in northern hemisphere is more obvious than the southern hemisphere and the rise in mean temperature varies at different spatial and time scales. In this context for numerous regions, increasing and decreasing trends in temperature have been explored [4]-[8] but as a matter of fact, various studies and climate models are still in disarray [9]. To address surface temperature variations are more preferable at local level to explore its links with planetary and regional atmospheric circulations by statistical method where hardly we have access to modern tools of research. This paper seeks the spatial-temporal temperature variations in the month of January and highlights their links with some possible global teleconnections over the study period
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