Spatial variation of multiple air pollutants and their potential contributions to all-cause, respiratory, and cardiovascular mortality across China in 2015–2016

Abstract

Association of serious air pollution with adverse health effects in China has become a matter of public concern. However, many of studies that focused on a single air pollutant or a single city in China have rarely reflected the overall potential contribution of air pollution to unfavorable health outcomes. Therefore, our study estimated the spatial variation of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, and O3). Moreover, an additive approach was conducted to evaluate their overall potential contributions to mortality across China in 2015–2016 using the exposure-response coefficients. The results showed that cities with relatively high PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were mainly distributed in the North China Plain (NCP). The average annual PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in the NCP was 75.0 ± 14.7 and 131.2 ± 21.6 μg m−3. The potential contributions of six air pollutants ranged from 6.5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 5.4–7.5%) to 25.7% (95% CI: 22.2–28.9%) in all-cause mortality, from 6.5% (95% CI: 4.7–8.3%) to 24.9% (95% CI: 18.6–30.9%) in respiratory mortality, and from 7.0% (95% CI: 5.3–8.6%) to 29.5% (95% CI: 24.3–34.5%) in cardiovascular mortality. Many cities with high potential contributions of the multiple air pollutants were in the NCP. NCP had the average potential contribution of 20.0% (95% CI: 17.2–22.6%) in all-cause mortality, 19.5% (95% CI: 14.5–24.3%) in respiratory mortality, and 23.0% (95% CI: 18.8–27.0%) in cardiovascular mortality. Besides, the Taklimakan Desert (TD) also had high potential contribution of 19.9% (95% CI: 17.1–22.4%) in all-cause mortality, 19.5% (95% CI: 14.3–24.3%) in respiratory mortality, and 23.5% (95% CI: 19.2–27.5%) in cardiovascular mortality.