Spatial Properties of Soil Physical Quality Index S in Black Soil Croplands under Permanent Gully Erosion

Abstract

Soil physical quality (SPQ) is a limiting factor affecting crop production. However, the impact of gully erosion on the SPQ index S, defined by Dexter as the inflection point of the soil water retention curve (SWRC), remains unclear, especially when considering different latitudinal regions. This study aimed to apply Dexter’s S-theory to evaluate the distribution of index S in black soils adjacent to various gully positions and investigate its relationship with bulk density (Bd), soil organic matter (SOM), and particle percentage. Soil properties (SWRC, Bd, SOM, and particle percentage) from nine gullies in croplands in three latitudinal regions (Harbin, Hailun, and Nenjiang in Heilongjiang province) were determined at the gully edge (GE0) and 50 m beyond the edge into the croplands (GE50) at the following gully units: head, mid-upper, middle, mid-lower, tail, and conjunctions between main gully and gully branch. The S-index was calculated using parameters such as n, θs, and θr, with SWRC data fitted into the van Genuchten model. The results showed spatial variations in the S-index across latitudinal regions, with slightly higher S-values in Harbin than in Hailun and Nenjiang. The S-index also showed noticeable differences at GE0 and GE50 and at the junctions between the main gully and its branches. Approximately 51% of the samples at GE0 and 28.2% of the samples at GE50 had S-values below 0.035, which Dexter proposed as the boundary between good and poor SPQ, indicating a degradation of SPQ at the gully-surrounding areas. A decreased S-index in the gully vicinity was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with increased bulk density (1.33 vs. 1.21 g cm−3 for GE0 and GE50) and decreased SOM (36.80 vs. 39.36 g kg−1 for GE0 and GE50). In summary, this study indicates that gully erosion affects the farmland S-index at the gully-surrounding areas through SOM and Bd. Accordingly, measures suited to the increase in the S-index of the gully-surrounding areas may be implemented to maximize the crop yield of farmlands.