Spatial and temporal structure of urban heat island in Ludhiana city

Abstract

Since the late 19th century, global warming as obtained more attention as the global mean surface temperature has increased and urbanization is one of the major causes of global warming. Given the fact of the heavy migration of people from rural to urban, uncontrollable growth takes place to accommodate this population. This is considered to be a major problem in developing countries. Ludhiana a city in the state of Punjab, India is considered for the study. In this study, LANDSAT 8 (2019) and LANDSAT 5 (2000 and 2009) were taken from USGS to retrieve Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Land Use Land Cover (LULC). Rapid urbanization resulted in the formation of Urban Heat Island (UHI). The UHI had a mixed pattern of temperature variation for barren, urban, water and vegetation lands. The results of the land covers were computed as normalized indices as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and Normalized Difference Barren Index (NDBaI). The relationship between temperature and indices were determined, the NDBI and Normalized NDBaI produced an increase in LST as the range of NDBI and NDBaI increased.