Abstract
A spatially and temporally isothermal two-step atomiser has been used to measure characteristic masses (mexp) experimentally. These characteristic masses are compared with theoretical data (mcal) and with mexp values obtained using spatially isothermal integrated contact (IC) cuvette equipped and Massmann-type furnaces. The mean and standard deviation of the mcal/mexp ratios for 17 elements was 0.98 ± 0.20 with the two-step atomiser, 1.04 ± 0.30 with the IC cuvette and 0.87 ± 0.32 with the Massmann-type furnace. Relative to the Massmann-type furnace, higher mcal/mexp ratios for the two-step atomiser can be attributed to improved atomisation efficiencies for elements which are less volatile and/or susceptible to gaseous molecular formation. The poorest performance observed in the Massmann-type furnace can be explained by the occurrence of temperature gradients which decrease the effective tube length. It can be concluded that atomisers providing both spatial and temporal isothermality produce the most reliable mcal/mexp ratios.
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