Abstract
The biggest nine well-known natural ponds in the highest elevations of Zagros thrust zone in the northeast of Erbil, Kurdistan region, Iraq, have been taken and synthesized with RS and GIS techniqu...
Highlights
Ponds, lakes, playas, rivers, and spring are forming in different geologic and geomorphologic ways or man-made (Meester et al, 2005)
The study of special and temporal distribution of the natural ponds in this paper is mainly dependent on the RS & geographic information system (GIS) data and technique, and secondly on geology in order to compensate the lack of hydrologic and hydrogeological data
The aquifers cut by the regional and local faults, forming many spring to discharging in different elevations, which some of them are recharging the ponds over the year, and the others are discharging in cliffs making waterfalls, or directly discharging into the rivers
Summary
Lakes, playas, rivers, and spring are forming in different geologic and geomorphologic ways or man-made (Meester et al, 2005). Ponds may form from remnants of glaciers, blocking rivers or springs or any other forces making the ground depressed, filling with freshwater of rivers, rainfall, or snowmelt (Lowe-McConnell, 1975) or groundwater recharge (Duffy & Al-Hassan, 1988). They are small area of less than 1 ha to few hectares, and shallow of less than 1 m to few meters (Williams, Lane, Singha, & Haeni, 2001). If they are scientifically exploited, the ponds may become one of the important entry and economic factors (Shapiro & Krollm, 2003) in the fields of tourism
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