Spatial and Seasonal Patterns in Vegetation Growth-Limiting Factors over Europe

Arnon Karnieli,Natalya Panov,Nektarios Chrysoulakis,Micha Silver,Dani Varghese,Noa Ohana-Levi,Antonello Provenzale,Tarin Paz-Kagan

doi:10.3390/rs11202406

Abstract

Water and energy are recognized as the most influential climatic vegetation growth-limiting factors. These factors are usually measured from ground meteorological stations. However, since both vary in space, time, and scale, they can be assessed by satellite-derived biophysical indicators. Energy, represented by land surface temperature (LST), is assumed to resemble air temperature; and water availability, related to precipitation, is represented by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). It is hypothesized that positive correlations between LST and NDVI indicate energy-limited conditions, while negative correlations indicate water-limited conditions. The current project aimed to quantify the spatial and seasonal (spring and summer) distributions of LST–NDVI relations over Europe, using long-term (2000–2017) MODIS images. Overlaying the LST–NDVI relations on the European biome map revealed that relations between LST and NDVI were highly diverse among the various biomes and throughout the entire study period (March–August). During the spring season (March–May), 80% of the European domain, across all biomes, showed the dominance of significant positive relations. However, during the summer season (June–August), most of the biomes—except the northern ones—turned to negative correlation. This study demonstrates that the drought/vegetation/stress spectral indices, based on the prevalent hypothesis of an inverse LST–NDVI correlation, are spatially and temporally dependent. These negative correlations are not valid in regions where energy is the limiting factor (e.g., in the drier regions in the southern and eastern extents of the domain) or during specific periods of the year (e.g., the spring season). Consequently, it is essential to re-examine this assumption and restrict applications of such an approach only to areas and periods in which negative correlations are observed. Predicted climate change will lead to an increase in temperature in the coming decades (i.e., increased LST), as well as a complex pattern of precipitation changes (i.e., changes of NDVI). Thus shifts in plant species locations are expected to cause a redistribution of biomes.

Highlights

In terrestrial ecosystems, vegetation growth-limiting factors (VGLFs) are species-specific values attributed to a cause that constrains the biological response to appropriate environmental conditions [1]
In order to explore long-term pan-European correlations between land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), their values were firstly mapped over the spatial domain of interest
The spatial distribution of rlst–ndvi varied between seasons (Figure 2D,H,L)

Summary

Introduction

Vegetation growth-limiting factors (VGLFs) are species-specific values attributed to a cause that constrains the biological response to appropriate environmental conditions [1]. The primary VGLFs are either climatic or terrestrial. The climatic constraints include water, energy, light, relative humidity, wind, and atmospheric elements (e.g., gases). Climatic variables directly and indirectly affect all levels of biodiversity, from the individual species through to population, community, ecosystem, and up to biome scales [2]. Terrestrial VGLFs include soil characteristics (e.g., texture, depth, and nutrients) and terrain properties (e.g., elevation, slope, and aspect). Different VGLFs should be in balance in order to allow optimal growth and development. When one or more of these factors exceed a low or high value, all biodiversity levels are altered

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Discussion

Conclusion