Abstract
The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the most important economic zones both in China and in the world. Its rapid economic development has been associated with many environmental problems such as the loss of forests in urban areas. We estimated the accessibility of forests in the PRD by quantifying spatial proximity and travel time. We found that distances from a large proportion of the points of interest (POIs) (~45%) and urban lands (~38%, where ~49 urban residents live) to the nearest forests were greater than 1000 m; suggesting a low spatial proximity to forests. Urban parks—important outdoor recreational areas—appeared to have insufficient forest coverage within their 1000 m buffer zones. When forest accessibility was measured by travel time under optimal modes of transport; it was less than 15 min for most urban lands (~95%), which accommodates 98% of the total urban population. More importantly; the travel time to the nearest forest was negatively correlated with gross domestic product density (GDPd), but not with population density (POPd). The GDPd and POPd; however; increased log-linearly with the Euclidean distance to the nearest forest. In addition to the low proximity to forests; there existed inequalities among urban residents who live in areas with different levels of GDPd and POPd. Future urban planning needs not only to increase the total coverage of urban forests; but also to improve their spatial evenness across the urban landscapes in the PRD.
Highlights
Forests and other forms of urban green space (UGS) are valuable natural capitals for urban residents and their wellbeing, as they provide many regulatory, cultural, and provisional services to people and society [1,2]
We estimated the accessibility of forests to urban land and urban population in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China—a rapidly urbanizing area where forest cover has been decreasing
Accessibility was estimated from two aspects: spatial proximity to the nearest forest in Euclidean distance, and time needed to travel to the closest forest
Summary
Forests and other forms of urban green space (UGS) are valuable natural capitals for urban residents and their wellbeing, as they provide many regulatory, cultural, and provisional services to people and society [1,2]. The GHS provides only available high resolution (38-m) built-up grids globally, which was assessed to have an overall accuracy of 89.9% and a balanced accuracy of 67.2% [39] using 3826 sample raster tiles collected from cartography data (covers an area = 133,909 km; total built-up area = 4656 km2) [40]; it has been further assessed to have outperformed other coarser resolution products [41]. The 1-km cells of urban clusters and urban centers were extracted from the GHS settlement layer and merged as urban lands
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