Abstract
Introducing agro-ecological techniques such as no-tillage systems with cover crops in rotations with soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) could provide more resilience to changing climatic conditions and, at the same time, reduce soil erosion, nitrate leaching, and weed density in the main crop. However, there are challenges in introducing no-tillage techniques in crop systems in Europe as there is little quantitative knowledge about the agro-economic impact. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the agronomic and economic impacts of three soybean cropping systems involving a rye (Secale cereal L.) cover crop prior to soybean, i.e., two no-tillage systems; either herbicide-free with crimping the rye or herbicide-based without rye crimping and one plough-based in which rye was cut as green silage. The impacts of these cropping strategies were compared in a three-year cropping system experiment at a research station in north-eastern Germany with and without irrigation. The following parameters were measured: (1) cover crop biomass; (2) weed biomass; (3) soybean plant density; (4) soybean grain yield; and (5) gross margin of the cropping system. The results showed that all three soybean cropping systems can effectively suppress weeds. System (C), the no-tillage herbicide-based system, produced the lowest rye biomass and highest soybean yield; system (B), the no-tillage herbicide-free/crimped rye system, produced the highest rye biomass and lowest soybean yield compared to system (A), the standard cutting/plough-based system. The differences in rye biomass and soybean yield observed between the three systems could be mainly attributed to the timing of the cover crop termination and the soybean sowing date. The gross margin was highest in system (C), due to the high soybean grain yield. The low soybean grain yield in system (B) resulted in lower revenues and gross margins compared to systems (A) and (C), although system (B) could be economically attractive in organic farming with higher prices for organic soybean. In the particularly dry year 2016, gross margins were higher when soybean was irrigated compared to the rainfed cultivation, due to significantly higher grain yields. Before recommending the application of the no-tillage with cover crop technique for the conditions tested in north-eastern Germany, more investigations on the benefits and risks of this technique are needed. Further research needs to focus on maintaining a high rye biomass as well as on ensuring an early soybean planting date. Optimizing the crimping and drilling equipment is still required in order to develop good management practices for no-tillage herbicide-free systems in European conditions.
Highlights
Climate change has adverse effects on crop production in Europe [1]
Economic results were affected by the cropping system, the presence of irrigation and differences in prices
The second difference in the cropping system came from the variable costs, which were 1052 € ha−1 when the rye biomass was harvested, and the field was ploughed (system (A)), 696 € ha−1 when the rye was crimped (system (B)), and 792 € ha−1 when rye was killed with the contact herbicide (system (C))
Summary
Climate change has adverse effects on crop production in Europe [1]. Adaption to climate change is crucial especially for grain legumes [2] and other spring crops that tend to have low yield stability [3].Adaptation options include adjusting the crop management, choice of cultivars and design of the cropping system [4,5]. Adaption to climate change is crucial especially for grain legumes [2] and other spring crops that tend to have low yield stability [3]. Northern Germany is expected to be affected by climate change including an increase in average annual temperature, shifts in seasonality of precipitation (decreased in summer, increased in winter), shifts in potential evaporation, increasing incidence of milder winters, an increased frequency of periods of drought and heavy precipitation, and an extended vegetation period [6]. The cool-season grain legumes such as lupins, field peas and faba beans are likely to respond with a reduced yield stability that has been observed in long-term field experiments over the last 60 years [7] and will not be able to take advantage of the higher temperatures and increase in vegetation period. Little is known on cover crops used before grain legume sowing
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