Abstract
Sorption of chemicals onto soil particle surfaces is an important process controlling their availability for uptake by organisms and loss from soils to ground and surface waters. The mechanisms of chemical sorption are inner- and outer-sphere adsorption and precipitation onto mineral surfaces. Factors that determine the sorption behavior are properties of soil mineral and organic matter surfaces and properties of the sorbing chemicals (including valence, electron configuration, and hydrophobicity). Because soils are complex heterogeneous mixtures, measuring sorption mechanisms is challenging; however, advancements analytical methods have made direct determination of sorption mechanisms possible. In this review, historical and modern research that supports the mechanistic understanding of sorption mechanisms in soils is discussed. Sorption mechanisms covered include cation exchange, outer-sphere adsorption, inner-sphere adsorption, surface precipitation, and ternary adsorption complexes.
Highlights
Historical Advancements in Adsorption Phenomenon in SoilsIn 1789 Antoine Lavoisier published the book “Elementary Treatise of Chemistry,”. which established the fundamentals of modern chemistry [1]
Sorption of chemicals onto soil particle surfaces is an important process controlling their availability for uptake by organisms and loss from soils to ground and surface waters
Cation exchange is considered primarily an outer-sphere adsorption reaction promoted by electrostatic interactions between the cation and the charged surface, but many ions adsorb to soil particles through direct bonds that include covalent and ionic characteristics (Table 1)
Summary
In 1789 Antoine Lavoisier published the book “Elementary Treatise of Chemistry,”. which established the fundamentals of modern chemistry [1]. Subsequent to Way’s report, foundational research on soil’s ability to adsorb and desorb chemicals firmly established cation exchange as an important process for agriculture, and in natural ecosystems. Cation exchange is considered primarily an outer-sphere adsorption reaction promoted by electrostatic interactions between the cation and the charged surface, but many ions adsorb to soil particles through direct bonds that include covalent and ionic characteristics (Table 1). Chemical adsorption through direct bonding to mineral surfaces is called inner-sphere complexation, which occurs on soil clay minerals, oxide minerals, and SOM. Mechanisms of sorption to soil particles are reviewed This includes cation exchange, outer-sphere adsorption, inner-sphere adsorption (Figure 1), and precipitation on mineral surfaces.
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