Sonochemically Covalent Functionalized Graphene Oxide Towards Photoluminescence and Nanocytotoxicity Activities

Abstract

The greener mechanistic cavitation method has been applied for synthesis of graphene oxide (GrO) based functionalized materials. The GrO functionalization with various amine substituted heterocyclic moieties (ASHM) have an emerging technology towards biomedical processing of graphene. Hence, an ultrasound energy has been applied for GrO functionalization with 2-Amino-1,3,4-thidiazole (ATDZ) to synthesize Covalent functionalized product f-(ATDZ)GrO. Structural investigations have confirmed the covalent functionalization (CF) of GrO to synthesize f-(ATDZ)GrO. The structure of f-(ATDZ)GrO has confirmed with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV), RAMAN, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermal analysis (DTA)/Differential thermal Gravimetry (DTG), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structural insights provide a mechanistic understanding of functional expression, through the contribution of atomic domains (CAD). TGA of f-(ATDZ)GrO validates total percentage weight loss of 95.5% at 198.17 °C. Thermal stability of f-(ATDZ)GrO as temperature aspects also certified an exothermic curve obtained with DTA. The calculated PL band gap of 3.87 eV in noncompatible f-(ATDZ)GrO is indicating towards biosensing applications. In extension of functionalization series of GrO with heterocyclic derivative, the cytotoxicity of f-(ATDZ)GrO has evaluated with Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay to living cells, HaCaT and Vero cell lines. The average estimated cell viabilities have observed ~91.575% with HaCaT cell lines over a wide concentration range of 10–80 μg mL−1. The high cytocompatibility of f-(ATDZ)GrO has further extent with Vero cell lines of ~36.825% biocompatibility. However, the morphological effect on HaCaT cell line and some extinct significant with Vero have evidently confirmed that higher cytocompatibility of f-(ATDZ)GrO can be explore for the cytocompatibility as Nanotoxicity aspects. Therefore, f-(ATDZ)GrO appeared as an advanced material which can be further used for development of various biomedical applications.