Abstract
Research objectives: The earliest depictions of the towns of the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins in medieval cartography are found on the Idrisi map (1154). The post-Golden Horde towns in these areas are found in the Jenkinson map and the Kunyu wanguo quan tu (Map of the Ten Thousand Countries of the Earth, 1602) by Matteo Ricci. In 1772, the Qianlong neifu yutu 乾隆内府舆圖 (Terrestrial Map of the Imperial Repository of Qianlong), which used modern cartographic techniques, enriched the geographic information of Central Asian countries and filled the gaps in contemporary European maps. Research materials: Influenced by the map of Al-Idrīsī’, the geographic gaps and blind spots on the European maps were filled, reconstructed, and connected with the new world geographic knowledge, forming a relatively complete world map. At the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, a large amount of overseas geographic knowledge was introduced by Western missionaries who entered China. Results and novelty of the research: The analysis of Arab, European, and Chinese maps made it possible to assess the degree of accuracy of their information about the post-Golden Horde cities of the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya basins. The authors managed to determine the geographical ideas of Arab, European, and Chinese geographers about Central Asia. Specifically, this article examined the place names of the Itil Basin (including Western Siberia) and the Qazaq Steppe (including adjacent regions) in the European-Russian imperial maps and in the Qing Chinese maps. Historical maps provide rich resources of knowledge that graphically encode information about the state of a fraction of the real world at a certain point in time.
Highlights
Qilijili 乞里吉里Khirkhīz or Qirqiz, a Turkish tribe of the Mod. Khakasia, ancient country of Southern Siberia whose Russia name is written as Khirkhīz, Khārkhīr or Kirghiz (EI2, “Ḳirgiz”)
The western section of the Qianlong neifu yutu describes the general form of the Anatolia, Central Asia, and Siberia, Russia which stretches from Europe in the west to Xinjiang in the east; from the Russia in the north to India and the Persian Gulf in the south; and includes Persia, Badakhshan and Afghanistan
At the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, a large amount of overseas geographic knowledge was introduced by Western missionaries entered China
Summary
Khirkhīz or Qirqiz, a Turkish tribe of the Mod. Khakasia, ancient country of Southern Siberia whose Russia name is written as Khirkhīz, Khārkhīr or Kirghiz (EI2, “Ḳirgiz”). The name appears as either Qirqir or Qirqiz or Qirqīz in Arabic accounts. 6. Yu’aliya 育阿利亞 Vgori (Ugria), on Jenkinson’s map “lorghoria”, the country of “Zlata Baba”, or Golden Old Woman, worshipped by the people of Obdora at the mouth of the Obi (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562)
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