Abstract
Proficient (fast, accurate, precise) hand actions for reaching-to-grasp 3D objects are known to benefit significantly from the use of binocular vision compared to one eye alone. We examined whether these binocular advantages derive from increased reliability in encoding the goal object’s properties for feedforward planning of prehension movements or from enhanced feedback mediating their online control. Adult participants reached for, precision grasped and lifted cylindrical table-top objects (two sizes, 2 distances) using binocular vision or only their dominant/sighting eye or their non-dominant eye to program and fully execute their movements or using each of the three viewing conditions only to plan their reach-to-grasp during a 1 s preview, with vision occluded just before movement onset. Various kinematic measures of reaching and grasping proficiency, including corrective error rates, were quantified and compared by view, feedback and object type. Some significant benefits of binocular over monocular vision when they were just available for pre-movement planning were retained for the reach regardless of target distance, including higher peak velocities, straighter paths and shorter low velocity approach times, although these latter were contaminated by more velocity corrections and by poorer coordination with object contact. By contrast, virtually all binocular advantages for grasping, including improvements in peak grip aperture scaling, the accuracy and precision of digit placements at object contact and shorter grip application times preceding the lift, were eliminated with no feedback available, outcomes that were influenced by the object’s size. We argue that vergence cues can improve the reliability of binocular internal representations of object distance for the feedforward programming of hand transport, whereas the major benefits of binocular vision for enhancing grasping performance derive exclusively from its continuous presence online.
Highlights
Reaching-to-grasp an object involves a complex sequence of target-encoding, decision-making and control mediated by predictive/feedforward programming combined with reactive/feedback mechanisms
We found that binocular advantages for accurate scaling of the peak grip aperture (PGA) and grasp size at object contact were most evident for a small compared to larger object, which had a relatively restricted grip contact surface and was easy to topple over
We examined multiple dependent measures reflecting the planning or online control of the reach and grasp produced under the three views to cylindrical objects of 2 diameters presented at 2 distances on blocked full vision (FV) followed by no visual feedback (NVF) trials
Summary
Reaching-to-grasp an object involves a complex sequence of target-encoding, decision-making and control mediated by predictive/feedforward programming combined with reactive/feedback mechanisms. These subactions, too, derive major benefits from binocular vision during the preceding hand–target stage, since monocular viewing in this period is associated with inaccurate and imprecise thumb and finger contacts with the goal object and with poor coordination between these contacts and reach termination (Servos and Goodale 1994; Melmoth and Grant 2006; Melmoth et al 2009), necessitating more reliance on haptics for achieving grip stability and causing delays in load and/ or lift force application These analyses lead us to hypothesise that binocular vision normally provides some advantage for programming key aspects of the grasp, but not the reach, with major benefits for feedback control in the hand–target approach which should be lost in the absence of online disparity information. We chose to always present the FV before the NVF blocks, rather than counter-balancing their order between subjects, to ensure that any binocular advantages retained with NVF available could not be due to unfamiliarity with the general task/experimental conditions, which would likely have more deleterious effects on monocular performance (Marotta and Goodale 2001; Keefe and Watt 2009)
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