Somatostatin and Somatostatin Receptors: From Signaling to Clinical Applications in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.

Maria Isabel Del Olmo-Garcia,Alexia Andres,Jose M Soriano,Stefan Prado-Wohlwend,Pilar Bello,Juan Francisco Merino-Torres

doi:10.3390/biomedicines9121810

Abstract

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are heterogeneous neoplasms which arise from neuroendocrine cells that are distributed widely throughout the body. Although heterogenous, many of them share their ability to overexpress somatostatin receptors (SSTR) on their cell surface. Due to this, SSTR and somatostatin have been a large subject of interest in the discovery of potential biomarkers and treatment options for the disease. The aim of this review is to describe the molecular characteristics of somatostatin and somatostatin receptors and its application in diagnosis and therapy on patients with NENs as well as the use in the near future of somatostatin antagonists.

Highlights

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are heterogeneous neoplasms which arise from neuroendocrine cells that are distributed widely throughout the body
(23–100%) ranged widely depending on the population studied and the definition of response. These results opened the need for a large, prospective trial investigating the role of escalated-dose somatostatin analogues in the treatment of metastatic GEP NENs
This study investigated the efficacy and safety of increasing the dose frequency of Somatuline® Autogel® in patients with pancreatic or midgut neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) with progression within the last two years while on a standard lanreotide regimen for ≥24 weeks

Summary

Introduction

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are heterogeneous neoplasms which arise from neuroendocrine cells that are distributed widely throughout the body. They have been usually described as infrequent tumors but their incidence has been rising over time up to around 3.65 per 100,000 individuals per year [1,2]. Organization (WHO) in 2017 and 2019, classified pancreatic and gastrointestinal NENs respectively as well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) subclassified as G1, G2 and G3 (according proliferative index and mitotic rate) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) [3]. Many of them share their ability to overexpress somatostatin receptors (SSTR) on their cell surface. Five Somatostatin receptors have been identified: SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3, SSTR4 and SSTR5. Somatostatin (SST) is a regulatory peptide that plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis in the body

Objectives

Results

Conclusion