Abstract
Extensive efforts have been made in the last decades to simplify the holistic sample preparation process. The idea of maximizing the extraction efficiency along with the reduction of extraction time, minimization/elimination of hazardous solvents, and miniaturization of the extraction device, eliminating sample pre- and posttreatment steps and reducing the sample volume requirement is always the goal for an analyst as it ensures the method’s congruency with the green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles and steps toward sustainability. In this context, the microextraction techniques such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE), in-tube extraction dynamic headspace (ITEX-DHS), and PAL SPME Arrow are being very active areas of research. To help transition into wider applications, the new solventless microextraction techniques have to be commercialized, automated, and validated, and their operating principles to be anchored to theory. In this work, the benefits and drawbacks of the advanced microextraction techniques will be discussed and compared, together with their applicability to the analysis of pharmaceuticals in different matrices.
Highlights
As green analysis is becoming more significant, reduction of solvent use and method miniaturization gain most relevance in pharmaceutical analysis (Mohamed, 2015)
The aim of this review is to report and compare the advantages and drawbacks of the recent techniques and devices used for the extraction and procedures for pharmaceuticals analyses in complex matrices, with the main goal being the reduction of solvent consumption, analysis time, and sample manipulation, in accordance with green analytical chemistry (GAC) concepts
microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) is considered a potential extraction method that allows for little solvent consumption, small sample volume (10–250 μl) that can be directly injected without additional treatments into GC, liquid chromatography (LC), or MS and without any modification of the instrument
Summary
As green analysis is becoming more significant, reduction of solvent use and method miniaturization gain most relevance in pharmaceutical analysis (Mohamed, 2015). Sample preparation is considered the cornerstone step for the green analytical procedure. Integration of automation is a very valuable principle in greening your procedure, which can lead to miniaturization of the used method (Płotka-Wasylka et al, 2013).
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