Abstract
Sample preparation has been recognized as a major step in the chemical analysis workflow. As such, substantial efforts have been made in recent years to simplify the overall sample preparation process. Major focusses of these efforts have included miniaturization of the extraction device; minimizing/eliminating toxic and hazardous organic solvent consumption; eliminating sample pre-treatment and post-treatment steps; reducing the sample volume requirement; reducing extraction equilibrium time, maximizing extraction efficiency etc. All these improved attributes are congruent with the Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) principles. Classical sample preparation techniques such as solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) are being rapidly replaced with emerging miniaturized and environmentally friendly techniques such as Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME), Stir bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE), Micro Extraction by Packed Sorbent (MEPS), Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction (FPSE), and Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Micro Extraction (DLLME). In addition to the development of many new generic extraction sorbents in recent years, a large number of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) created using different template molecules have also enriched the large cache of microextraction sorbents. Application of nanoparticles as high-performance extraction sorbents has undoubtedly elevated the extraction efficiency and method sensitivity of modern chromatographic analyses to a new level. Combining magnetic nanoparticles with many microextraction sorbents has opened up new possibilities to extract target analytes from sample matrices containing high volumes of matrix interferents. The aim of the current review is to critically audit the progress of microextraction techniques in recent years, which has indisputably transformed the analytical chemistry practices, from biological and therapeutic drug monitoring to the environmental field; from foods to phyto-pharmaceutical applications.
Highlights
The development of analytical methods for quantitative analyses in environmental water, biological sample matrices, and in food or food supplements with a reduced amount of toxic solvents, and the replacing with non-toxic ones, without loss of efficacy in the extraction procedure, are important aims for contemporary researchers [1,2]
These aspects lead to the development of new approaches for analyte extraction and clean-up involved in the development of better sorbent coating technology for solid phase microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction
The aim of this review is to report the recently applied protocols and devices used in the extraction procedures for quantitative analyses in complex matrices, with the main goal being the reduction of time, sample manipulation, solvent consumption and use of non-toxic solvents, in accordance with Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) concepts
Summary
The development of analytical methods for quantitative analyses in environmental water, biological sample matrices, and in food or food supplements with a reduced amount of toxic solvents, and the replacing with non-toxic ones, without loss of efficacy in the extraction procedure, are important aims for contemporary researchers [1,2]. The aim of this review is to report the recently applied protocols and devices used in the extraction (and clean-up) procedures for quantitative analyses in complex matrices, with the main goal being the reduction of time, sample manipulation, solvent consumption and use of non-toxic solvents, in accordance with Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) concepts
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