Solid-state welding and its applications: A methodological review

Abstract

Solid-state welding refers to the joining of similar and dissimilar materials below their melting temperature. In this process, the weld formation occurs due to the intermolecular diffusion in which the interface molecules of workpieces flow from higher concentration regions to lower concentration regions due to applied pressure. The joints assembled by solid-state processes have been considered free from solidification defects, including gas porosity, hot cracking, and non-metallic inclusion. The solid-state welding process is also called state bonding. It covers various strategies such as ultrasonic welding, forges welding, diffusion welding, friction welding, explosion welding, hot welding, roll welding, and pressure welding, etc. In these, the relationship has been captured through the methods such as distortion and propagation at certain heat with mechanical energy, thermal energy, and electrical energy, etc. Solid-state welding is used in various mechanical industries. It is mostly used in the aerospace and marine field to produce weldments and is also used in the space industry, automobile industry, and aeronautic industries, etc. The present manuscript aims to discuss the process of solid-state welding and its applications with a detailed review.