Solidified floating organic drop microextraction (SFODME) for the simultaneous analysis of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in aqueous samples by HPLC.

Lanna K Silva,Natilene M Brito,José H G Rangel,Érika M L Sousa,Valdemar I Esteves,Eliane R Sousa,Gilmar S Silva,Diana L D Lima,Arlan S Freitas

doi:10.1007/s00216-021-03153-6

Lanna K Silva, Natilene M Brito + Show 7 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-021-03153-6

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Journal: Analusis	Publication Date: Jan 19, 2021
Citations: 10	License type: cc-by

Affiliation: Instituto Federal do Maranhão, University of Aveiro

Abstract

In this work, a liquid-liquid microextraction methodology using solidified floating organic drop (SFODME) was combined with liquid chromatography and UV/Vis detection to determine non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) naproxen (NPX), diclofenac (DCF), and mefenamic acid (MFN) in tap water, surface water, and seawater samples. Parameters that can influence the efficiency of the process were evaluated, such as the type and volume of the extractor and dispersive solvents, effect of pH, agitation type, and ionic strength. The optimized method showed low detection limits (0.09 to 0.25μgL-1), satisfactory recovery rates (90 to 116%), and enrichment factors in the range between 149 and 199. SFODME showed simplicity, low cost, speed, and high concentration capacity of the analytes under study. Its use in real samples did not demonstrate a matrix effect that would compromise the effectiveness of the method, being possible to apply it successfully in water samples with different characteristics.

Highlights

Pharmaceuticals present in aquatic environments are among the contaminants that have most attracted attention of the scientific community
Comparing with Solid-phase extraction (SPE)-HPLC-DAD [41], the method presented in this study showed similar efficiency in terms of recovery results, lower LOD
Comparing with US-IL-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME)-UHPSFC-PDA [44], our study presented the following advantages: lower LOD and the use of lower sample volume

Summary

Introduction

Pharmaceuticals present in aquatic environments are among the contaminants that have most attracted attention of the scientific community Among these substances are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs), widely recommended by healthcare professionals worldwide [1]. These pharmaceuticals have great applicability in human and animal medicine due to the analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effect [2]. Because of their extensive use, the compound itself, in their unaltered form, or even their metabolites can reach the environment in several ways. The presence of NSAIDs in ecosystems, even at trace levels, is potentially dangerous due to their toxicity and, in some cases, bioaccumulation capacity [5,6] This class of pharmaceuticals includes diclofenac (DCF), naproxen (NPX), and mefenamic acid (MFN), among others. The determination of these substances in aquatic environments is extremely important [7,15]

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Conclusion