Abstract
In this work, a liquid-liquid microextraction methodology using solidified floating organic drop (SFODME) was combined with liquid chromatography and UV/Vis detection to determine non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) naproxen (NPX), diclofenac (DCF), and mefenamic acid (MFN) in tap water, surface water, and seawater samples. Parameters that can influence the efficiency of the process were evaluated, such as the type and volume of the extractor and dispersive solvents, effect of pH, agitation type, and ionic strength. The optimized method showed low detection limits (0.09 to 0.25μgL-1), satisfactory recovery rates (90 to 116%), and enrichment factors in the range between 149 and 199. SFODME showed simplicity, low cost, speed, and high concentration capacity of the analytes under study. Its use in real samples did not demonstrate a matrix effect that would compromise the effectiveness of the method, being possible to apply it successfully in water samples with different characteristics.
Highlights
Pharmaceuticals present in aquatic environments are among the contaminants that have most attracted attention of the scientific community
Comparing with Solid-phase extraction (SPE)-HPLC-DAD [41], the method presented in this study showed similar efficiency in terms of recovery results, lower LOD
Comparing with US-IL-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME)-UHPSFC-PDA [44], our study presented the following advantages: lower LOD and the use of lower sample volume
Summary
Pharmaceuticals present in aquatic environments are among the contaminants that have most attracted attention of the scientific community Among these substances are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs), widely recommended by healthcare professionals worldwide [1]. These pharmaceuticals have great applicability in human and animal medicine due to the analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effect [2]. Because of their extensive use, the compound itself, in their unaltered form, or even their metabolites can reach the environment in several ways. The presence of NSAIDs in ecosystems, even at trace levels, is potentially dangerous due to their toxicity and, in some cases, bioaccumulation capacity [5,6] This class of pharmaceuticals includes diclofenac (DCF), naproxen (NPX), and mefenamic acid (MFN), among others. The determination of these substances in aquatic environments is extremely important [7,15]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
