Solar energetic particles propagation during solar events at the beginning of the 25th solar cycle

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Space weather is induced by solar events like solar flares, solar wind, the solar cycle, and coronal mass ejections. These solar events have the potential to affect various aspects of Earth, including radio communications, electric power failures, and navigation signals, and pose risks to spacecraft and astronauts. Solar activity is more or less intense according to the solar cycle. We are currently in the 25th solar cycle, which began in 2019. This research studies the space weather at the beginning of the 25th solar cycle using the distribution data obtained from spacecraft including the explosion on the Sun’s surface, by analyzing the solar energetic particles (SEPs) propagation. The distribution of SEPs with flux; F is given by a power law for solar events on November 29, 2020, July 3, 2021, and April 22, 2022, with indices 6.2, 4.5, and 1.8 depending on energy. The propagation of the SEPs was studied using Ruffolo’s transport equation, which was solved using the Finite-differences method. We found that solar flares with higher X-ray intensity have a longer movement along the irregular magnetic field and arrive at Earth more quickly than those with lower X-ray intensity. The SEPs are weaker and have no impact on Earth, although both events generated coronal mass ejection. The M-class and X-class solar flares occurred during the beginning of the 25th solar cycle, the position of explosion and injection time of particles resulted in space weather with little impact on Earth.