Abstract
Increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and associated soil warming along with global climate change are expected to have large impacts on grain mineral nutrition in wheat. The effects of CO2 elevation (700 μmol l−1) and soil warming (+2.4 °C) on K, Ca and Mg concentrations in the xylem sap and their partitioning in different organs of wheat plant during grain filling were investigated. Results showed that the combination of elevated [CO2] and soil warming improved wheat grain yield, but decreased plant K, Ca and Mg accumulation and their concentrations in the leaves, stems, roots and grains. The reduced grain mineral concentration was attributed to the lowered mineral uptake as exemplified by both the decreased stomatal conductance and mineral concentration in the xylem sap. These findings suggest that future higher atmospheric [CO2] and warmer soil conditions may decrease the dietary availability of minerals from wheat crops. Breeding wheat cultivars possessing higher ability of mineral uptake at reduced xylem flux in exposure to climate change should be a target.
Highlights
Increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and associated soil warming along with global climate change are expected to have large impacts on grain mineral nutrition in wheat
Higher Ca concentration in roots was found in the soil warming treatments (i.e., AW and EW), but no significant difference was found between the control (AN) and soil warming treatments in stem Ca concentration
The grain moisture content was higher in the plants grown under elevated [CO2] than those grown under ambient [CO2] on 24 and 31 days after anthesis (DAA), which could be due to a greater osmotic potential gradient for water deposition into to the grain[25] caused by higher concentration of sucrose under elevated [CO2]
Summary
Increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and associated soil warming along with global climate change are expected to have large impacts on grain mineral nutrition in wheat. The reduced grain mineral concentration was attributed to the lowered mineral uptake as exemplified by both the decreased stomatal conductance and mineral concentration in the xylem sap These findings suggest that future higher atmospheric [CO2] and warmer soil conditions may decrease the dietary availability of minerals from wheat crops. The temperature trend under climate change is indicated as air temperature increase and rise in soil temperature, which has been reported to limit wheat crop development and yield[15,16], especially the root growth[17]. To date the combined effects of elevated [CO2] and soil warming on wheat grain mineral status have not been well illustrated
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