Abstract
This study aimed to assess the soil density (Sd) and the total organic carbon contents and stocks in different management systems and implementation times in the municipality of Iguatemi, MS, Brazil. A completely randomized design with four replications was applied to four areas: conventional tillage (CT), reformed pasture (RP), and degraded pasture (DP), in addition to a native forest (NF) area with no anthropic action. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected at depths of 0–0.05, 0.05–0.1, and 0.1–0.2 m. The determination of Sd and total organic carbon content (TOC) allowed calculating the carbon stock (Cstock), the stratification index (SI), and the carbon stock variation (ΔCstock), with subsequent multivariate analysis. The NF area presented the highest TOC contents at all depths compared to the managed areas, with a value of 17.45 g kg−1 at a depth of 0–0.05 m. The RP and NF areas showed similar SI, which was higher in PD, with a value of 2.54. Except for RP, the other managed areas showed a negative ΔCstock in the soil profile relative to the NF area. The RP and NF areas promoted the maintenance of TOC in the soil, while DP and CT compromised the edaphic quality.
Highlights
Soil quality (SQ) is related to the soil capacity in maintaining ecosystem services, including storing and recycling water, nutrients, and energy (Doran and Parkin, 1994)
The lowest soil density (Sd) values observed in the native forest (NF) area occurred because this area has not been subjected to any anthropic action, such as soil tillage and grazing, which are carried out in crop and pasture areas, promoting soil compaction and a consequent decrease in macropores and soil water regulation (Colombi et al, 2018; Felde et al, 2018; Furbish et al, 2018)
The Sd values found in the degraded pasture (DP), reformed pasture (RP), and conventional tillage (CT) areas at all depth could compromise the physical soil quality and the root growth of crops when considering the critical value of 1.30 Mg m−3 proposed by Reichert et al (2003) for clayey soils
Summary
Soil quality (SQ) is related to the soil capacity in maintaining ecosystem services, including storing and recycling water, nutrients, and energy (Doran and Parkin, 1994). One of the main soil potentials is to store carbon (C), with direct influence on its chemical, physical, and biological quality (Koven et al, 2017; Assunção et al, 2019; Ferreira et al, 2020; Rosset et al, 2019; D’Abadia et al, 2020; Falcão et al, 2020; Ozório et al, 2020). Possible changes in land use in native or cultivated areas can be studied through quality indicators (Corbeels et al, 2019). Soil organic matter (SOM) is a sensitive indicator of soil changes resulting from its use and occupation. C fractions, and soil chemical, physical, and biological attributes are closely related (Signor et al, 2018)
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