Abstract
Different bio-impacts affect the various properties and composition of soil, plant residues, harvests, and technological processes, as well as the interactions between different parts of the soil, working machine tools, energy consumption and environmental pollution with harmful gases. To summarize the wide-coverage investigations of various aspects of different bio-impact parameters, a multicriteria evaluation was conducted. Experimental research shows that different bioeffects such as those of agricultural practices can be oriented towards a reduction in fuel consumption, followed by reductions in CO2 emissions from machinery and changes in soil properties, dynamics of composition, yield and other parameters. A multicriteria assessment of the essential parameters would give farmers new opportunities to choose one optimal decision for reducing fuel consumption and increasing agricultural production, thereby reducing the negative environmental impact of soil cultivation processes, increasing yields and improving soil. Of all the properties investigated, from a practical point of view, the selection of the most important of all the essential links, such as reducing energy and expenditure, reducing environmental pollution, improving soil, and increasing yields and productivity, is reasonable. The evaluation of the bio-impact effects in agriculture by accounting for many criteria from several aspects was the main objective of the multicriteria assessment using the analytic hierarchy process. Based on the results of a multivariable research of fuel consumption—C1, C2, yield—C3, CO2 from soil—C4, density—C5, total porosity—C6, humus—C7, soil stability—C8, and soil moisture content—C9, the evaluation used experimental research data and the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) mathematical method to find the best-case scenario. Multicriteria effectiveness was most pronounced after the first and third soil bio-impacts by using a solution of essential oils of plants, 40 species of various herbs extracts, marine algae extracts, mineral oils, Azospirillum sp. (N), Frateuria aurentia (K), Bacillus megaterium (P), seaweed extract. The most important goal was to achieve the best soil bio-impact effectiveness—minimized energy consumption from ploughing and disc harrowing operations, parallelly minimized harmful emissions from agricultural machinery, minimized CO2 from soil, soil density, maximized soil total porosity, soil humus, soil stability, yield and optimized soil moisture.
Highlights
The soil bio-impact of agricultural practices can be geared towards reducing fuel consumption and harmful CO2 emissions from machinery, depending on the soil properties improving, and increasing the harvest and causing other changes in parameters
In spring, when the vegetation of plants is renewed, winter wheat and oilseed rape culture grown in the same fields affected by seven types of different biosolutions from SC2 to SC8 scenario, which consist of water, essential oil, extracts of various grasses, extracts of sea algae, mineral oils, Azospirillum sp., Frateuriaurenticus, Bacillus megaterium, Azotobacterchroococcum, Azospirillumbrasilense, phosphorus, potassium, Azotobacter vinelandii, humic acids, gibberellic acid, copper, zinc, manganese, iron, calcium (spray rate 1.0 to 4.0 L ha−1 by mixing with 200 L of water) (Table 1, Figure 1) [24]
The experimental results indicated that the average values of the indicators were determined by dependence on the different scenarios, because by depending on the bioimpact, the density of the soil increased from 0.7 to 13%, and the total porosity increased to 25%, which had a significant impact on fuel consumption and CO2 emissions
Summary
Bio-impact is used for biological protection of plants (reducing the spread of pathogens and pests) in order to increase the productivity of the crops, improve the microbiological state of the soil, change the physical or chemical properties of the soil [1,2]. In order to cultivate soil by inserting plant residues, ground and surface soil cultivation are applied, but the main problem is environment polluted with harmful gases, high energy and fuel consumption It has not been established whether soil properties change the energy costs of agricultural machinery and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions from agricultural machinery. The soil bio-impact of agricultural practices can be geared towards reducing fuel consumption and harmful CO2 emissions from machinery, depending on the soil properties improving, and increasing the harvest and causing other changes in parameters. The main objective—to identify the best-case scenario of soil bio-impact effect for optimal multicriterial environmental sustainability in crop production
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