Abstract
Soft robotics technologies are paving the way toward robotic abilities which are vital for a wide range of applications, including manufacturing, manipulation, gripping, human–machine interaction, locomotion, and more. An essential component in a soft robot is the soft actuator which provides the system with a deformable body and allows it to interact with the environment to achieve a desired actuation pattern, such as locomotion. This Review article aims to provide researchers interested in the soft robotics field with a reference guide about the various state‐of‐the‐art soft actuation methodologies that are developed with a wide range of stimuli including light, heat, applied electric and magnetic fields with a focus on their various applications in soft robotics. The underlying principles of the soft actuators are discussed with a focus on the resulting motion complexities, deformations, and multi‐functionalities. Finally, various promising applications and examples of the different soft actuators are discussed in addition to their further development potential.
Highlights
Theileria annulata is a tick-transmitted apicomplexan parasite that infects and transforms bovine leukocytes into disseminating tumours that cause a widespread disease called tropical theileriosis
The quality of the sequencing results is shown in S1 Fig. Infection of BL3 and BL20 lymphocytes with T. annulata provoked significant changes in host cell gene expression (1,179 and 1,517 differentially expressed genes respectively, with fold change>2 and padj
Transcriptional changes between virulent compared to attenuated Ode macrophages are less profound (76 genes, with fold change>2 and padj
Summary
Theileria annulata is a tick-transmitted apicomplexan parasite that infects and transforms bovine leukocytes into disseminating tumours that cause a widespread disease called tropical theileriosis. The transformation is reversed and leukocytes revert to a quiescence state and die upon drug-induced parasite death making Theileria-infected leukocytes a powerful cellular model to identify genes regulating cellular transformation and dissemination [2]. This parasitebased reversible model of leukocyte transformation has allowed the identification of several cell signalling pathways associated with the virulence of Theileria-transformed leukocytes such as c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/c-Jun/PI3 kinase signalling [3], protein kinase A (PKA) [4], transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2) [5] [6] and SMYD3/MMP9 [7]. MiR-126-5p contributes to infected macrophage dissemination through JNK-Interacting Protein-2 (JIP2)/JNK1/AP1-mediated MMP9 transcription [13]
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