Socio-Economic Status and Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Infants in a Ugandan Cross-Sectional Study

Ratib Mawa

doi:10.11648/j.jfns.20190701.13

Abstract

Nation-wide population based studies on socio-economic inequality in exclusive breastfeeding among infants is scarce in Uganda. This study examined the socio-economic inequality in exclusive breastfeeding among 1424 infants below 6 months of age in a nation-wide population based cross-sectional study. Self-reported maternal exclusive breastfeeding practice in the first six months of their last born baby`s life was the outcome of interest. Household wealth index and maternal occupation constituted the proxy measures of socio-economic status, the exposure variable of interest. The distribution of exclusive breastfeeding practice by infant-mother dyad characteristics was calculated by conducting bivariate analysis. Multivariate binary logistic regression models were then fitted to calculate the odds ratios and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals for exclusive breastfeeding by maternal occupation and household wealth index. The results showed that half of the infants were boys, close to half of their mothers were farmers, and 23% and 16.9% of the infants lived in the poorest and richest households respectively. Overall 67% of the infants were exclusively breastfed. The odds ratios for exclusive breastfeeding by maternal occupation were 0.62 (0.26-1.50) for infants whose mothers were professionals/technical/managers, 0.97(0.50-1.87) for clerical/sales, 0.78 (0.51-1.21), for Farmers, 0.72 (0.29-1.82) for Household/Domestic/Services, 0.72 (0.39-1.36) for skilled manual workers and 0.72 (0.25-2.02) for unskilled manual workers compared to infants of non-working mothers. The odds ratios for exclusive breastfeeding by household wealth index were 2.38 (1.30-4.33), for the poorest, 2.16 (1.18-3.96) poorer, 1.91 (1.10-3.48) middle, and 1.41 (0.75-2.64), for richer households compared to infants in the richest households. In conclusion, an inverse relationship was found between household socio-economic status and exclusive breastfeeding among infants below six months of age and inadequate evidence to conclude existence of an association between maternal socio-economic status and exclusive breastfeeding. Targeting exclusive breastfeeding interventions to mother-infant dyad living in affluent families might be important in reducing socio-economic inequality in exclusive breastfeeding among infants below six months of age in Uganda.

Highlights

The importance of exclusive breastfeeding to infantmother dyad cannot be over-emphasized
This study aimed to examine the association between socio-economic status and exclusive breastfeeding among infants below six months of age in the general population in Uganda
When socio-economic status was assessed using maternal occupation, the results showed that infants whose mothers had professional/technical/managerial occupation were 38%, clerical/sales 3%, agriculture 22%, household/domestic/services 28%, skilled manual 28%, and unskilled manual 28% less likely to be exclusively breastfed compared to those whose mothers were not working at the time of conduct of the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys (UDHS)

Summary

Introduction

The importance of exclusive breastfeeding to infantmother dyad cannot be over-emphasized. Uganda was ranked among the 23 countries included in the Global Breastfeeding Collective group scorecard for 2017 for having achieved the UNICEF/WHO 2025 exclusive breastfeeding prevalence target of 50% [10], 34% of her infants below six months of age are still not exclusively breastfed [11]. This implies, that proportion of infants (exclusively breastfed) are not reaping the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding and might undermine the efforts to reduce infant and under-five mortality in Uganda [11], as well as the achievement of the United Nation 2030 sustainable development goals [12] and the new 2030 UNICEF/WHO global exclusive breastfeeding prevalence target of 70% [13]

Objectives

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion