Socio-Cultural Dimensions in Communicable Disease Control

Abstract

In most evaluation of the effectiveness of communicable disease control programmes, priority is given to target sets, e.g., reduction in cases, treatment compliance and cure rate, but minimal information is collected on the role and impact of socio-cultural background of the target population. In Marslow’s hierarchy of needs, the fundamental needs of an individual such as food, clothing, shelter and security, has to be secured first before that individual will consider higher ideals such as education and health [1]. To emphasize the impact of socio-cultural factors on the control of communicable diseases, we will look into the control of two important communicable diseases in developing countries, i.e., Tuberculosis (TB) and Dengue Fever. The success of the National TB Control (NTBC) Programme hinges on two critical components, i.e., early disease detection and good treatment compliance [2]. In countries where the NTBC programme was provided at no cost to the TB patients, early disease detection and treatment compliance were still important issues if the socio-cultural issues were not addressed adequately. Even if the TB health clinics were easily accessible, the TB patients might not seek treatment at these clinics if they were not open after normal office hours as these patients were only free to seek medical consultation after their work shift. Economic issues become important when daily transport expenses and time consumed for Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) cannot be borne by the patient although treatment at point of care is free. These issues were more critical for daily wage earners where daily wages were low and no wages paid if they did not turn up for work due to poor health [3]. In the Dengue Control Programme, one of the prime drivers of dengue outbreaks was the abundant outdoor mosquito breeding sites due to indiscriminate littering and illegal rubbish dumping by the residents of the affected localities [4]. Despite the best efforts of the Local Authorities to improve environmental sanitation, these problems keep recurring although various community health awareness and mobilization programmes were implemented. Community interviews done in these localities surprisingly reveal that the main concern of the local communities in these localities were not only the high dengue transmission risk but also for more ‘mundane’ issues such as the need for functioning lifts, personal safety and even sufficient parking spaces and security for their vehicles. This perceived lack of commitment by the patients/ community is often erroneously labeled as ‘uncooperative patients’ or a ‘resistant community’ by the local health providers. The usual remedial action to these situations is intensification of the already existing measures such as health education talks, community awareness talks and even admonishment of the patients/ communities for their lack of commitment and support for programmes designed for the betterment of their own health.