Socialist reflection on Mazandaran culture, customs from the point of view of Italian tourist Pietro Delavalle

Justice has been reflected upon by various religious and nonreligious thinkers since ancient times. In Islam, discussions of justice among theologians started in different sects with a discussion of divine justice and gradually expanded to reach discussions of social and political justice. While examining the various aspects of sociopolitical justice in Islam, this article makes an attempt to follow this concept in three jurisprudential, philosophical and sociological approaches among contemporary Muslim thinkers. In this respect, the views of three thinkers, who paid attention to this concept in their works, is of significance. To this end, the views of Allâme Mirzâ Hoseyn Nâini will be discussed from the Islamic jurisprudential point of view, those of Ayatollah Mortezâ Motahari from the philosophical point of view and those of Dr. Ali Shariati from the sociological point of view. This study will also make an attempt to establish landmarks in the discussion of justice, with which the reader can make a comparative study. For this purpose, the philosophical, social and sociological foundations of justice will be emphasized and various aspects of justice (political, social, economic and philosophical justice) will be identified and introduced accordingly.

The approaches considered by the authorities, generally enforced, during the “Covid 19” pandemic regarding the state of national and international tourism have been characterised as excessive and controversial not only from an economical point of view but as well as from a cultural and functional one, and they must be analysed from a sociological perspective. The shortage of medical, organisational and human resources, the lack of mental preparation of medical workers but as well as that of the population in terms of preventing massive losses led to the rapid destruction of what we used to call tourism. From a sociological perspective the world-wide blockage was mainly caused by the superficiality of the prevention methods adopted and by their radicality that blocked the entire economy. By this article I try to approach from a from a sociological point of view the “pandemic” effects that that have influenced and are still influencing tourism. In extenso, the plethora of factors like public transportation, hospitals, workplace and so on have provoked the rapid spread of COVID-19 virus and the impact was ravaging for the hospitality industry due to the fact that the client in his role of tourist received only negative signal, signals of fear and uncertainty. The controversies regarding different fields of national and international tourism are various in number, but the present interest lies in COVID-19 virus and a consequence of this plague is the foreclosure as opposed to the fact that by imposing the right measurements and by protecting this field in a composed way without letting panic to reach the population it would have been possible to at least mentain a constant level of activity in tourism and as a consequence a steady national and international economy. Furthermore, I want to issue the assumption that if there would have been a propper crisis-management on a national level, even on international one, a partnership between the government and the private sector, meaningfull aid coming from government towards the people, employees, antreprenours, elders, lower-class families, private inverstors, not only that from an economical point of view tourism could be saved but also a “positive aura” could have been built in the psyche of the individuals and that would have helped them to have a diffrent type of confinment. For excample, a 10 days stay in a highly reviewed an alternative method - provocative, peacefull and safe- but to acomplish this the hoteliere should revise the concept on which a touritic package is built (by offering services as therapy, medical check-up and so on). The motto of the new concept could be the old saying “A healthy mind in a healthy body“ -”Mens sana in corpore sano” in this way the panic, fear and seclusion could be replaced with cultural work and the right to mental wellness with the help ground-braking touristic offers. From a sociological perspective, in order to have a healthy mind in a healthy body or in order to strengthen our immune system, we, the ones that form the contemporary society should exploit outdoor activities, relaxation time, travelling, living, all this leading to the reinforcement of tourism

<p>Media in various platforms have a significant role in constructing the paradigm of Islam in society. Unfortunately, unbalanced justification by the media tends to cause misconceptions about the Islamic concept, especially in America and Europe. This justification then is often used as a base in constructing the narrative of a game. Moreover, they seem to exploit these justifications in a more apparent manner than other forms of media. In the digital age, video games transform to be one of mainstream media that shapes our comprehension and understanding of the world by constructing, conveying and iterating various representations. Therefore, video game referred as the most potential and effective media to convey positive values to users. "Ibn Battuta" game developed as an interactive media that offer different point of view about Islam, to differentiate it with the other games in general. By exposing Ibn Battuta as one of the Muslim figures who made a glorious milestone in history of science. Ibn Battuta is known as an adventurer, merchant and inspirational figure by spreading the values of Islam to most areas of coastal Asia. The game reveals the travel records of Ibn Battuta in the first half of the 14th century, which also reveals the wide scope of the Muslim life at that time. This paper is based primarily on qualitative research and content analysis. The methodology used for content analysis involves playing the whole Ibn Battuta games while taking notes and screenshots of relevant visual signifiers, recording the narrative and analysing the structure of gameplay. Through Ibn Battuta games, the symbolic and ideological dimensions of in-game representational history related to Islam has been analysed from different perspectives. Immersive worlds as given environments in this game, which may be explored in a nonlinear way by players - include history, artifacts and objects - allow users to learn about the history of Islam by exploring the environment and its objects in a relatively open-ended way.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Islamic history, interactive game, the structure</em></p>

THIS PAPER WILL BE concerned with the relations between psychology and sociology as theoretical disciplines, but from a very specific point of view which should be made clear and explicit at the outset. It is written by a sociologist in an attempt not only or even mainly to answer the question of what have been the contributions of psychology to sociology, but rather to attempt to state clearly a framework in which the question of the future fruitfulness of the relations between the two disciplines from the sociological point of view can be worked out. The central question then, is what are the conditions of an optimum fit between two theoretical schemes which can make the one as fruitful as possible for the other. The sociological perspective in which these questions are discussed will inevitably entail some criticism of past and partly of present trends of psychology, but rather less of sociology. If it were written by a psychologist about sociology the reverse would be expected. Hence the reader should keep clearly in mind that the purpose of the paper is not a general evaluation of psychological theory, but rather an evaluation of different trends for this specific purpose. How important this function of psychology relative to others may be is a question which cannot be dealt with here.

This dissertation aims to understand the process of searching for a job by means of the labor market intermediaries. Our theoretical approach refuses both the type of economic analysis that describes it as a mere rational behavior linking job seekers and employers, and the current sociological perspective that reduces it to a crucial variable on the measurement of the unemployment situation. We assume a different sociological point of view which approaches the search for a job as a social, moral and subjective experience; in this sense, it has to be analyzed taking into account its context, as a negotiated situation, and the job seeker perceptions, experiences and discourses. The empirical research took place during four years (2005 to 2009) in the Barao de Itapetininga street, Sao Paulo downtown, the most important cluster of labor market intermediaries in Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region, which concentrates itself the most important segment of the Brazilian intermediation market. Ethnographic observation, interviews, analysis of documents and secondary data were the main sources in the fieldwork.

It is in the family that the goals of religious and moral upbringing are realized most strongly, and the family is the most important place for religious and moral formation. In the present sociopedagogical analysis, we will highlight some possibilities and difficulties in moral upbringing, both from a sociological perspective and in the light of pedagogical reflection. Such discussions are important in view of the ongoing deconstruction of many of the values and norms hitherto prevailing in societies and the weakening of moral education processes in the family. Moral upbringing – considered from a sociological point of view – leads to such a stage of personality development, where the individual decides on the moral value of his or her actions, on what is right or wrong, honest or dishonest, based on the moral principles, goals and ideals commonly recognized in a given culture.

This article aims to contribute to the discussion of understanding the sociological aspects of security risks as social phenomena. This derives from the General Theory of Risks, which emphasizes the following features of risks: that the possibility exists for an unfavorable occurrence, that this could accompany some human activity associated with the decision-making process, that it will originate in the uncertainty of the human actor's environment, that it will be increased by the influence of subjective factors, and that it will manifest itself in losses, damage, and other harm. The sociological perspective on risk , aside from analyzing it as a social process, is particularly connected with the concept of a risk society and social deviation theory (social pathology).A sociological point of view on security is still lacking or otherwise linked with other problems. This gap can be bridged by viewing security as an anthropocentric issue. Another possible starting point for the research of security risks is to regard the security system as a complex social system. From the sociological point of view, both military and non-military risks represent fundamental types of security risks. When examining security risks it is possible to differentiate between the views of the military (political-military), the police (criminology), and the intelligence services, in terms of their practical goals. This practical analysis of security risks gives rise to further questions. These could include the development of a dynamic perspective, the accuracy of their evaluation, and the level of their security as a group.

The World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC) reported that the Covid-19 outbreak will have much more severe consequences than the 2008 global financial crisis, and the number of tourists will decrease by more than 50 percent in 2020. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) also announced that there will be the biggest decline in the number of tourists since the 1950s due to the Covid-19 pandemic, and reported that the number of tourists could decrease by 58 to 78 percent in 2020. As a result, the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the countries and regions whose economy is dependent on the tourism sector much more deeply. At the same time, the Covid-19 pandemic has considerable effects on the social and cultural environment of the society as well. Social and cultural effects rather than economic effects cause more crucial concerns. Cultural and social influences lead to a change in society's values, beliefs and lifestyles. By analyzing this chapter from a sociological perspective, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the tourism sector will be discussed in the socio-cultural environment axis

Social network analysis is playing an increasingly important role in sociological studies. At the same time, new technologies such as wearable sensors make it possible to collect new types of social network data. We employed RFID tags to capture face-to-face interactions of participants of two consecutive Ph.D. retreats of a graduate school on climate research. We use this data in order to explore how it may support ethnographic observations and to gain further insights on scholarly interactions. The unique feature of the data is the opportunity to distinguish short and long conversations, which often have a different nature from a sociological point of view. Furthermore, an advantage of this data is the availability of socio-demographic, research-related, and situational attributes of participants. We show that, even though an interaction partner is often found rather randomly during coffee breaks of retreats, a strong homophily between participants from the same institutions or research areas exists. We identify cores of the networks and participants who play ambassador roles between communities, e.g., persons who visit the retreat for the second time are more likely to be ambassadors. Overall, we show the usefulness and potential of RFID tags for scientometric studies.

Urban open spaces are among the most common usage areas of urban life in the historical process. It is the most effectively used element of the areas designed as open spaces in urban planning. From a sociological point of view, urban squares are positioned as an important "public space", which is used by the inhabitants of these regions for cultural, social, commercial or political purposes on special occasions, in short, where urban life comes to life. While urban squares were an important "urban life focus" that formed the personality and identity of cities in the process, they lost their original values when they were used as car parks at the point we reached. Urban space is the main means of integration of a city/city. Public “urban spaces” are places where people can transfer their cultural knowledge and learn again. However, in terms of defining the city, individuals; It is in these places that he gains the experience of being an urbanite as a result of their cultural identity, development and communication with others. Social movements, revolutions and even coups have become symbols in the city squares, and sometimes they have been the places where the rebellion of the societies and sometimes the entertainment reached their peak. Squares, which are the basic communication and interaction spaces before the period that we will call the development of technology and the communication age, have an important place in the history of countries and societies in terms of socialization. In this study, the importance of public spaces (squares) compatible with social life was investigated by evaluating the relationship between the urban environment and social behavior from a human perspective.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0944/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Kant's pragmatic use of reason from a sociological point of view: Third way or methodological impasse?

Researchers conducting studies in the field of recreation and/or leisure time are usually concentrating on recreation and/or leisure time, leaving to understand sociological frame in the second phase. One of the very means of preventing such circumstances that may be a barrier to research undergoes enough sociological perspective is primarily handling the research topic in the light of sociologic theories point of view. In this context, current study aims to summarize basically what are sociologic approaches and to develop particularly a new understanding for tourism researchers who are sustaining their studies in relation to sociology, recreation, and leisure. “Functionalist approach”, “structuralist-critical approach” and “poststructural/ postmodernist approach” are the most known and cited perspectives to develop a new understanding in relation to leisure. The functionalist approach concentrates on the personal role of individuals in the social system and underlines the importance of both individual and social order in a social system. On the other hand, “structuralist-critical approach” concentrates on individuals' role on the power relation basis and brings about the access inequality to leisure facilities. Finally, “post-structural/postmodernist approach”, gives credit to micro thoughts such as leisure flexibility, leisure was decentered and interpretation of identity or a means of selfactualization for individuals.

Je tenterai ici de montrer qu'une lecture d'abord structurale et sociologique du CLG a longtemps occulté l'importance de la parole dans le «phénomène socio-historique» du fonctionnement de la langue. «Une lecture sémiologique» permet de la mettre en évidence en réintroduisant le sujet et le temps. La lecture qu'en fait Benveniste, préoccupé de mettre en place sa propre théorie de «la double signifiance» et des deux linguistiques (sémiotique/ sémantique), réintroduit le sujet d'une tout autre façon qui l'amène, à la fois à accentuer une lecture structurale de Saussure et, sous l'annonce d'une théorie du discours, à se tourner vers une conception philosophique du langage.

In consideration of this subject it was thought advisable to discuss it under three main headings: (1) its value from a sociologic point of view; (2) its value from a medical point of view; and (3) theoretical serologic considerations. <h3>VALUE OF WASSERMANN TEST FROM A SOCIOLOGIC POINT OF VIEW</h3> Under the first caption we primarily consider the case of the mother who may or may not have a dependent family. She may be, but usually is not, aware of the fact that she has the disease. This state of affairs is dependent on several causes. In the first place, many more women than men contract the disease innocently, and therefore are much more apt to ascribe its manifestations to other causes. Second, the initial lesion is usually within the vagina and causes relatively little discomfort. Gaucher¹has shown that in 33 per cent, of pregnant and 37 per cent.

Ausgangspunkt meiner Arbeit ist der Corporate-Identity-Ansatz. Der Corporate-Identity-Ansatz hat seinen Ursprung in den 1970er Jahren und galt bei vielen Führungskräften, Bera-terInnen und ManagerInnen als eine Art strategische Wunderwaffe zur Positionierung des eigenen Unternehmens in zunehmend hart umkämpften Märkten: Neuerungen im globalen Wettbewerb bezogen auf die Verteilung der Märkte und technologische Weiterentwicklungen moderner Kommunikationskanäle durch digitale Übertragungsmöglichkeiten bedeuteten auf nationaler wie internationaler Ebene neue Herausforderungen. Hinter dem Corporate-Identity-Ansatz verbirgt sich der Versuch, Unternehmen zu einer wieder erkennbaren Identität zu verhelfen. Aus sozialwissenschaftlicher Sicht stellt sich hier jedoch eine wichtige Frage: Kann ein Unternehmen, wenn es als soziales System definiert wird, überhaupt eine Identität analog der Persönlichkeit eines Individuums entwickeln. Bei genauerer Betrachtung des CI-Ansatzes lässt sich aus sozialwissenschaftlicher Sicht eine mangelnde wissenschaftliche Fundierung vermuten: Diese Lücke möchte ich mit meiner Arbeit schließen, indem ich eine sozialwissenschaftliche Einordnung von Unternehmen vornehme und die kommunikationswissenschaftlichen Voraussetzungen für die Bildung von Unternehmensidentität erarbeite. Dadurch soll eine sozial- und kommunikationswissenschaftliche Projektion auf die Management-Literatur zur Corporate Identity erfolgen, denn eine Fundierung des Themas Unternehmensidentität verlangt eine sozialwissenschaftliche Einordnung, die modernen Unternehmensstrukturen gerecht wird. Damit schließe ich an die von Peter Hejl und Heinz Stahl geforderte Positionierung des Sozialsystems aus konstruktivistischer Sicht an. Den Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit lege ich dabei auf die Bedeutung von Kommunikation im unternehmerischen Alltag für die Identitätsbildung von Unternehmen, denn für soziale Systeme gilt, dass sie sich durch Kommunikation konstituieren und auch ihr Handeln durch Kommuni-kation abstimmen. Daraus folgt, dass die Kommunikation im Unternehmen zur Grundlage für die Identitätsbildung in Unternehmen wird. Wie im Laufe der Arbeit an verschiedenen Beispielen aufzuzeigen sein wird, bleibt diese Bedingung in bisherigen Identitätskonzepten unberücksichtigt. Vor allem aber bleibt im Corporate-Identity-Ansatz die Bedeutung des Individuums im Unternehmen unbeachtet. Die fehlende sozialwissenschaftliche Fundierung des Corporate-Identity-Ansatzes äußert sich zwangsläufig in dessen theoretischen Ausführungen. So wird im CI-Ansatz davon ausgegangen, dass sich die Wahrnehmung des Unternehmens nach innen wie nach außen, das heißt die Wahrnehmung der MitarbeiterInnen sowie der systemrelevanten Umwelten (KundInnen, GeschäftspartnerInnen, LieferantInnen, Verbände, o.ä.) durch bestimmte, zu entwickelnde Images beeinflussen und aufgrund der definierten Verhaltens- und Darstellungsformen eine Identität bilden lässt. Diese Annahme steht im Widerspruch zu den erkenntnistheoretischen Fragestellungen der vergangenen Dekaden, welche mit der Position des Radikalen Konstruktivismus in die Annahme mündeten, dass Erkenntnis und Wissen nicht als Entdeckung oder Abbildung von Realität aufgefasst werden können und unabhängig von den erkennenden Systemen (z.B. Menschen) sind. Der Corporate-Identity-Ansatz ist ein Management-Konzept, das ich aus wissenschaftlicher Perspektive betrachten möchte. Ziel meiner Arbeit ist die Projektion auf die Management-Literatur. Daraus ergeben sich unterschiedliche Fragen: Was verspricht der Corporte-Identity-Ansatz? Was soll er leisten? Wie wird Corporate Identity definiert? Welche Annahmen und Definitionen liegen dem Ansatz zugrunde? Aus den Definitionsversuchen der Corporate Identity und der Darstellung des Ansatzes leite ich Fragen zur wissenschaftlichen Fundierung ab, um die zentralen Begriffe Unternehmen, Kommunikation und Identität zu klären: Wie sind Unternehmen sozialwissenschaftlich einzuordnen? Welche Folgen hat die Betrachtung des Unternehmens als Sozialsystem? Welches Verständnis von Kommunikation und Identität leitet sich aus der Einordnung der Unternehmen ab? Unter sozialwissenschaftlichem Blickwinkel heraus stelle ich das Individuum im Unternehmen in den Mittelpunkt meiner Fallstudie, um zu untersuchen, ob den Individuen im Rahmen von Identitätsbildung in Unternehmen Bedeutung beigemessen wer-den sollte und falls ja, in welcher Form. Die Einordnung von Großkonzernen steht im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung, um eine Grundlage für die Einordnung des in der Fallstudie untersuchten Unternehmens zu schaffen. Daraus ergibt sich eine Besonderheit in Bezug auf die seit einigen Jahren etablierten Netzwerk-Strukturen in Unternehmen, beispielsweise im Rahmen von Allianzen. Hier gehe ich folgenden Fragen nach: Wie lassen sich Organisations- und Marktnetzwerke sozialwissenschaftlich einordnen? Wenn Netzwerke als soziale Systeme definiert werden, welche Bedeutung hat dies für die Identitätsbildung? Abschließend fasse ich die Ergebnisse aus dem theoretischen Teil meiner Arbeit mit den Ergebnissen der Fallstudie zusammen.