Social Welfare Policy Analysis and Choices

Abstract

Contents I. Policy Choice and Intervention * Social Welfare Policy: When and Where? * What is Social Policy? * Three Policy Sectors * De Jure, De Facto, and Default Policy * Types of Benefits: Material, Therapeutic, or Opportunity * Forms of Delivery: In-Kind, Cash, or Voucher * The Scope of Social Policy * Making Choices * Policy Analysis * Making Policy Choices * Intents * Effects * Policy Interventions * No Hiding Place * Where to Intervene * When to Intervene * Degrees of Intervention * Changing the System * Radical Change * Reform * Rules of the Game * Changing Agent Behavior * Supplementing the Hosts * Social Policy and the Courts * II. Foundations for Choice * What's True: and Beliefs * Being Logical * Scientific and Nonscientific Reasoning * Three Sources of Facts * Biases and Hermeneutics * What's Right: Values and Interests * Values * Interests * Values and Interests Entwined * Ethics: Ends and Means * Ethics: Gray Areas * The Human Condition: Jewels, Jackals, or Junk? * What is a Person Worth? * Noble or Base? * Will or Determinism? * Human Nature and the Causes of Poverty * III. Fundamental Value Choices * Fairness: Equality, Equity, or Adequacy? * Distributive Justice: What is Fair? * Equality * Equity * Adequacy * Multiple Tiers: Adequacy Plus Equity * Nonfairness Doctrines * Inequality and Redistribution * Negative Freedom and Individualism * Four Kinds of Liberal * Negative Freedom * Limiting Freedom * Classical Individualism * Individualism and Trusteeship * Positive Freedom and Fraternite * Positive Freedom * Procedural Justice * Affirmative Action * Fraternite * Mixed Reality * Economic Animals? * Economic Reductionism * Cost-Benefit Analysis * Alternatives: Cost Utility and Cost Effectiveness * Putting a Price on Intangibles * Welfare Economics * The Protestant Work Ethic * Part of the Package * IV. Economic and Social Market Choices * The Economic Market * A Market Economy * Pros and Cons of the Free Economic Market * Traditional Economies* Command Economies * Mixed Economies * The Social State * Introduction * Enhancement * Fiscal Interventions * Monetary Interventions * Supply-Side Economics * Limitations of All Supply-and-Demand Strategies * Regulation * Levels of Intervention * The Social Market * Economic and Social Markets * Diswelfares and the Economic Market * Private Social Market Supplement: Charity * Public Social Market Supplement: The Welfare State * How Much Socail Market Can We Afford? * Ideology and the Welfare State * V. Huma Service Delivery Choices * Benefits: Broad or Begrudged? * A Social Responsibility Hierarchy * Backward of Forward-Looking? * Institutional or Residual * Universal or Selective * Selective Criteria * Mixing the Models * Rights or Alms? * Rights * Full Entitlement * Private Entitlement * Conditioanl Entitlement * Administrative Appeals * Court Adjudication * Public, Voluntary, or Commercial? * Legal Distinctions * Traditional Views of Each * Ideologies * Blurring of Distinctions * Church and State * Public Funding of Sectarian Services in the United States * What Sector When? * Paying for It? * Restricted and Unrestricted Subsidies * Federal Subsidies: Grants * Federal Subsidies: Tax Expenditures * Third-Party Purchase of Service * Setting the Price * Cost Controls * Prepaid Managed Care * Centralized or Decentralized? * Direct National Administration * Federalism: Public Decentralization * Nonprofit Privatization * Commercial Privatization * Parapublic Institutions * In Conclusion * Appendix: A Framework for Analyzing a Pol