Social imaginaries methods and socio-engineering competences in sustainable river management (a case study in the living lab Upper Citarum)

Integrative transdisciplinary approaches to watershed management are critical for addressing intersecting social, economic, and ecological processes that shape planetary health outcomes for humans, animals, and ecosystems. These challenges are acute in watersheds like the Citarum River in West Java, Indonesia, which suffers from severe pollution due to inadequate waste management infrastructure, and is worsened by rapid urbanisation and a changing climate, which further degrades the river ecosystem and threatens lives and livelihoods. Developing a unified approach to addressing these complex problems, and responding to real world social, governance, and biophysical conditions through integrated water management, is difficult to achieve in practice. Responding to this challenge, living labs have emerged as a mode of transdisciplinary research and implementation that incorporates the expertise of diverse stakeholders in real-world settings to learn and develop solutions to complex challenges, like those faced in the Citarum River. While living lab approaches have been used widely in Western cities, there is little research that investigates its usefulness in informal peri-urban settlements. This paper presents a case study of the Citarum Living Lab, a live action research program that aims to co-develop, test, and learn from socio-technical experiments in real-world settings in collaboration with an interdisciplinary international research consortium, government, NGOs, businesses, community leaders, and residents. With the ultimate aim of revitalising the Citarum river and its surrounding environments and communities, the program engages with community experiences, existing institutional frameworks, and changing environmental conditions. This paper identifies the conditions and factors that enable and constrain a living lab approach in a vulnerable peri-urban watershed from the perspective of the research team by employing a reflexive participatory action research methodology. Place-based, transdisciplinary responses to planetary health imperatives in this context require navigation of complex, multi-level governance contexts and novel resourcing models to support applied research, implementation, and learning.

In the study; It is planned to design a plasma jet reactor that allows liquid (water) purification at atmospheric pressure for the first time in our country, and to investigate to what extent it will contribute to the treatment. The study is important in terms of investigating the usability of plasma systems, which is an innovative technology, in the field of environmental engineering and contributing to the literature. In the light of literature research, it is observed that studies in the field of plasma systems and environmental engineering are generally aimed at color removal. In the literature, the removal efficiencies of Methylene Blue (MB), Methyl Orange (MO), Congo Red (KK)) are mostly compared as model dyes. Argon feed gas is generally used in the studies. When the direct treatment results are evaluated for three different dyes at 20 and 30 min treatment times, it is observed that high removal efficiencies such as MB 95%, MO 97%, KK 86% are obtained as a result of 20 min treatment. As a result; In our study, the usability of the atmospheric plasma system, which is a new technology in the field of water treatment in our country, was evaluated, inspired by the studies on the usability of plasma technology in water treatment in the world.

West Java Province is the third-highest province supporting the national economy at 13.63% after DKI Jakarta and East Java Province. Besides, in terms of population, West Java Province is the region with the highest population, reaching 48,700 people. On the other hand, the economic inequality level was 0.402, with the poverty rate getting 6.91%. This value shows that the level of inequality in West Java can be categorized as relatively high. Furthermore, the environmental conditions in West Java are also quite apprehensive. The Citarum River, which Watershed covers 18% of West Java, has been named the most polluted river globally. Apart from that, urban and rural waste management in West Java also needs more attention. According to data from Ministry of Environment and Forestry, out of 109,373 tons of daily waste that enter landfills throughout West Java, only 69% of the waste can be managed. As stated in the 2018-2022 West Java's Local Government Medium-term Development Plans (RPJMD), the Provincial Government has a mission to accelerate the growth and equitable distribution of environment-based and sustainable spatial development through increased regional connectivity and regional planning. To achieve development goals, research is needed that shows social, economic, and environmental relationships. This study also aims to analyze the impact of policies in promoting human development from a social and economic perspective without neglecting ecological sustainability to achieve community welfare. This research is a quantitative method using the Fisher Exact Probability Test (p) analysis technique, which is used to determine the correlation between the economy to the social and the environment in development. The research was conducted in all districts and cities in West Java Province from 2010 to 2018. There are several variables used for this research. Human Development Index (IPM) with indicators of education, health, and purchasing power data shows social conditions. Gross Regional Domestic Product (PDRB) data from the production view is used to guide economic conditions. Environmental Quality Index (IKLH) data is calculated from river water quality indicators, air quality, and land cover quality to show environmental conditions.

Abstract. Irawati W, Susilowati DN, Sofiana I, Lindarto V, Pinontoan R, Yuwono T. 2023. Exploration of indigenous copper and dye-resistant bacteria isolated from Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 1215-1223. Bacterial bioremediation utilizing indigenous bacteria has been reported as an effective, economical, and eco-friendly solution to marine contamination. However, study on the use of dye and copper-resistant bacteria has not been done much. The study aimed to isolate copper and dye-resistant bacteria, determining copper and dye resistance and decolorization abilities. Copper and dye-resistant bacteria were isolated from the Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia. Bacterial isolates were identified based on 16S rDNA gene analysis. Copper resistance was determined by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CuSO4. Dye resistance was observed by growing the bacterial isolates on a medium containing 100-500 ppm of various dyes. The dye decolorization was analyzed by monitoring the absorbance of each dye using a spectrophotometer. Fifty-four of copper indigenous resistant bacteria have been isolated. Nine bacterial isolates that showed high resistance to copper and dye with the MIC of 11 mM CuSO4 were identified as Siccibacter colletis, Acinetobacter baumannii, Lysinibacillus fusiformis, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli. The highest multi-resistant bacterium was Bacillus cereus CTR 200 3.2 with decolorization rates of 93.04%, 61.9%, and 87.43% on 100 ppm methylene blue, malachite green, and basic fuchsine dye, respectively. However, adding 5 mM CuSO4 reduced those decolorization rates to 39.39%, 10.48%, and 7.39%, respectively.

Citarum River is the longest and largest river in West Java. Citarum River has a strategic role in the life of the community, such as a source of irrigation, a raw source of drinking water companies (PDAM), and water sources for 3 reservoirs/dams. However, Citarum River is indicated as one of the highly polluted rivers in the world. Source of pollution comes from industrial waste, household, agriculture, fishery, and other activities. Along the 297 km of the stream, there are 18 million inhabitants and over 2700 industries, some of dispose their waste into the river. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of water pollution of the Citarum River in the downstream area, Karawang Regency, West Java. This research was conducted using chemical, physics, and bacteriological analysis method. Preliminary research was conducted to find out the indicator values such as E-coli, BOD, COD, and turbidity level in the downstream of Citarum River. Preliminary result shows that the clean water threshold was exceeded with E-coli levels reaching 1600/100 ml, BOD 10 mg/liter, COD 19 mg/liter, and turbidity with 320 NTU scores exceeding the clean water threshold (12.8 times the normal). This research shows that Citarum River water is not a feasible source for PDAM raw water and must be processed before becoming drinkable water. Therefore, this research also studied on a water purification model with allophane composites, zeolites, quartz sand, or activated carbon.

Introduction: The policy in Indonesia faces problems at the central government level (Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs, Coordinating Ministry for PMK, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Home Affairs); West Java Provincial Government level; as well as health policies at the district/city government level through which the Citarum River flows. This relationship pattern determines the pattern of interactions (pattern of interactions) of all stakeholders related to Citarum policies. This study uses Grindle's (1980) approach because policy (the content of policy) and implementation environment (context of implementation) are two things that influence the success of implementation. The purpose of this study was to analyze, describe, and find a model for implementing pollution and damage control program policies for the Citarum River Basin using the Grindle approach (1980). Theoretical Reference Framework: Previous research that supports this research is research conducted by Jung et al. (2021); Koch I, Reeves A. (2021); Tri N, Hau D, Duyen N, (2021); Dutta, et al., (2021); Wiryanto W, (2020); Idris, H. (2017); Rashid and Alfina. (2017; and Raharja, SJ (2015). Related to the implementation of public policy, Grindle (1980) introduces the implementation model as a political and administrative process, this model describes the decision-making process carried out by various actors where the final output is determined by both the program material used has been achieved as well as through the interaction of decision-makers in the context of administrative politics. The political process can be seen through the decision-making process involving various policy actors while the administrative process is seen through the general process regarding administrative actions that can be examined at a specific program level. Method: The type of research used in this study is qualitative the focus of the research consists of the Content of Policy, Context of Implementation, Output, and Outcome of policy implementation, as well as the Model of Policy implementation. This research was carried out in the Provincial Government of West Java and all Regencies and Cities which are also in the Citarum River Basin by collecting data on communities along the Citarum River, especially people who receive BPJS Health facilities along the Citarum River. Informants in this study were selected using a sampling technique, namely, purposive sampling, namely informants who understand the condition of the Citarum River, starting from implemented policies, pollution control, and destruction of the area. Data collection techniques were carried out through library research, observation, in-depth interviews, as well as documentation and analysis. Results: The results of this study indicate that: (1) In general, the study of the Health Insurance Policy Implementation Model and the Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Program Policy based on the Grindle perspective still has several obstacles in its implementation, (2) Judging from the implementation environment, there are strengths and interests will maintain the existing status at the research site, then some things that still leave problems, for example, the unclear authority in implementing the program needs serious attention, so that similar phenomena do not recur. The Citarum watershed problem has become a very serious waste problem locally and nationally. The issuance of Presidential Decree number 15 of 2018 shows the government's seriousness in solving the problem of pollution in the Citarum watershed area. Policy implementers are highly committed to preventing, controlling, and restoring the Citarum watershed so that it becomes clean, beautiful, and free of waste and pollution. Discussion: The implementation of the health insurance policy and pollution and damage control program policies for the Citarum River Basin does not yet have an implementing organizational structure, so this section needs to be completed. In addition, the supporting funds provided are not sufficient so financing factors need to be considered and supported. Conclusions: In the Recommended Model, in addition to proposing additional dimensions to the Grindle model, the author also proposes that it is necessary to complete the Grindle implementation model with policy output. This is important because when studying policy implementation, it does not only examine policy outcomes but also examines policy output. Given this, it occupies an important position in policy implementation.

With a watershed area of 690,571, 57 hectares, Citarum is a source of agricultural irrigation water, hydroelectric power, and a source of raw water for drinking water as well as fishing and cultivation land that is utilized by residents in 10 districts and two cities in the province West Java. But Citarum today is faced with acute pollution which results in huge losses to health, economic, social, ecosystem, and environmental resources. This study will discuss how the government deals with SDGs 2030 by cleaning the Citarum River. In the future, it is normal that with government projects to clean up the waterway, the Citarum river is expected to be the cleanest river and can be used as much as possible. This study uses a literature review study with the focus of the study on how the government's role in solving the problem of water pollution in the Citarum river, then also focuses on how the government implements Citarum river cleaning programs. Government programs to clean up the Citarum river are considered good, but not yet optimal. Because until now there is still a recalcitrant industry that often dumps waste into the River Basin. Water pollution that occurs in the Citarum River ought to be of sure worry to the Indonesia government, particularly in West Java. By the several programs, neutral policies that protect the environment, and strict supervision it will be useful and works. Not only about the programs and policies that benefit the one-party but also other parties such as the environment and society.

This paper analyzes the current situation of the environmental engineering (ENVE) field in Mexico and proposes some guidelines for future developments, particularly with respect to human resources. In Mexico, the ENVE field has evolved in a disorganized way, such that research, technology development, and human resources education and training (HRET) are all separate activities that do not adequately address national problems. Mexico faces tremendous environmental problems, with very limited economic resources and technically qualified professionals. The total number of environmental engineers in the country in 1998 was around 600, whereas in 1996 it was estimated that 3,500 professionals, 1,500 professors, and 250 researchers were required to sufficiently manage the current level of environmental degradation. The development of an effective HRET program in ENVE must include the improvement of existing programs, development of specialized courses outside of formal programs, and incorporation of new educat...

Citarum River is one of them, this river is the longest and largest river in Tatar Pasundan, West Java Province, Indonesia . The Citarum River has been named the dirtiest and most polluted river in the world. This title was given by The World Bank in 2007. The low attitude of caring for the environment of the community around the Citarum watershed is one of the factors causing the contamination of the Citarum River. With a length of almost 300 kilometers, the water of this river is used by more than 30 million people for irrigation, washing, and even as drinking water. Starting from the people of Bandung, Karawang, Purwakarta, Bekasi to Jakarta. This means that the Citarum river is not only used by the people of West Java. The issuance of Presidential Regulation Number 15 of 2018 concerning Acceleration of Pollution Control and Damage to the Citarum Watershed (DAS) is a breath of fresh air for the future of the Citarum River. Furthermore, this Presidential Regulation encourages industry players to regulate and manage factory waste so that it is not dumped into the Citarum River. Thus environmental ethics becomes very important in observing social capital because social capital often includes dimensions that are difficult to measure. Social Capital as a theoretical framework should be adopted in various aspects of people's lives. The use of social capital in development, community empowerment and environmental management is an example of how a modality that is based on the utilization of social relations is applied. This paper uses qualitative research methods, to obtain the necessary data the author uses data collection techniques with literature studies obtained by reading and studying literature, documents, theories and regulations that have to do with research problems. This paper is expected to provide an overview of the concept of social capital in the community empowerment community in the Citarum River area.

The Citarum River is the longest river in West Java. The river participates in the development of the Indonesian economy by 20% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product). In 2018, the citarum river ecosystem structuring survey team found 31 factories in the Bandung Regency region that dumped the waste produced directly into the Citarum River, one of which was the textile industry. In the production process the textile industry uses textile dyes containing azo dyes. The compound has the potential to produce aminobenzen or aniline which causes pollution. The lack of a communal Waste Water Treatment Plant (IPAL) and improper location is a factor that causes the industry to dispose of production waste water directly into the Citarum River. This study aims to support government activities in improving the Citarum River by designing a Decision Support System (DSS) using a website-based Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the right location to build a communal WWTP. .

Weather modification technology was applied in Citarum Watershed – West Java on 12 March – 10 April 2001 for increase water resources in Saguling, Cirata and Jatiluhur Dams. The application was based indication of Citarum River inflow decreased at the end of 2001 that so three cascade dams had water storage deficits. Weather modification technology by employing system and environment concept has been increase the rainfall and inflow of Citarum Watershed. The average inflow of Citarum River was 326,81 m3/sec and nett volume storage in the dams were 559,06 million m3.

The Citarum River in West Java has important role in the economic development and prosperity of the people in West Java Province and Jakarta City. It has been exploited to support agriculture, fisheries, public water supply, industry, hydroelectric power and recreation. More than 500 industries and about five million people in the basin are the main sources of water pollution of the Citarum River. The continuing deterioration of water quality in the Citarum River has become a routine water pollution case. Therefore it is necessary to solve the river pollution problems and upgrade the water quality. A study on water quality management of the Citarum River was executed from 1989 to 1993. The objective was to define the recommendation for the optimisation of water quality conservation. The results of the study show that the quality at most locations of the river during the dry season has exceeded the water quality objectives for its beneficial water uses. It is recomended that the domestic and industrial pollution load has to be reduced for water quality conservation. Smaller unit domestic waste treatment and centralised industrial waste treatment are recommended for pollution control. For further development it is recommended to propagate clean technology and to prefer giving licences to industries with low water demand. Regular monitoring must be carried out for effective water quality control.

Water quality conservation for the Citarum River in West Java

Microplastics in the Central Citarum River, Karawang, West Java, originate from anthropogenic activities of people living around the watershed, which is an industrial, agricultural, and densely populated residential area. Microplastics are degraded plastics < 5 mm in size. This study aims to determine the abundance and size of microplastics in the Middle Citarum River, through observation with a microscope. Sampling was conducted at three locations with three observations: February, March, and April 2022. The types of microplastics found were pellets, films, fibers, and fragments. Microplastic particle size < 0.3 mm was the most common size found. The abundance of microplastics in the water of the Middle section of the Citarum River is different at each sampling location. The total number of microplastic particles in all research locations was 4,413 particles. The highest abundance of microplastics in all sampling locations was in densely populated residential areas at 239.7 ± 326.7 particles/m3 , followed by agricultural areas with an abundance of 72.5 ± 63.8 particles/m3 , then the lowest abundance was in industrial areas at 55.6 ± 57.8 particles/m3. The average abundance of microplastics in the middle Citarum River water was 122.6 ± 209.7 particles/m3. Statistical analysis using Kruskall Wallis with a df value of 2 > 0.05 showed no significant difference in microplastic abundance at each research location. All stations had the same potential for microplastic pollution. This study shows that high anthropogenic activities lead to high microplastic pollution in water. Therefore, proper mitigation and management of waste and plastic waste are needed.

Land conversions or land use changes also become the main cause of the decline in Citarum River conditions. The relationship between river sustainability and its watershed carrying capacity plays a vital role in protecting watersheds to implement sustainable water resources management. Previous studies on river assessment for watershed management have predominantly focused on specific hydrological and/or technical results, rather than considering the process of the development of carrying capacity methodology due to land-use types. Motivated by this fact, the objective of this study is to develop a simplified carrying capacity methodology due to land-use types for sustainable river management by selecting the Upper Citarum Watershed (a main part of Citarum Watershed) located in West Java Province, Indonesia as an example of a study area. The conceptual framework development for watershed carrying capacity due to land-use types was designed the step-by-step methodology standard regarding the sustainable river management. The methodology of this study also used AHP method consisting of screening and selecting attributes, transforming and developing sub-indices, assigning weights, and formulating a runoff cumulative (Ccum) to examine standards and criteria for carrying capacity classification due to the changes of land-use types. The analysis revealed a significant change in the proportions of the various land use types of the study area. The conclusion is it integrates the measures of selected important land-use types to create a single dimensionless number of runoff cumulative and its classification, and a modified approach to communicate information on river status to the public and related policy makers. To advance future studies, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive evaluation and monitoring systems by using GIS-based spatial and temporal analysis.