Abstract

본 논문은 1946년 미군정이 실시한 여론조사에 나타난 남한사람들의 사회인식을 연구한 것이다. 일부 학자들은 당시 미군정의 우익성향 때문에 여론조사가 우편향되었다고 주장하지만 실제로 미군정은 오히려 좌우합작을 지지하는 중도세력이었기 때문에 오히려 극단적인 우익 적인 성향을 경계하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 당시의 여론동향은 우익이 우세했고, 특별히 서울지역에서는 더욱 그랬다. 여론조사에 나타난 남한인들의 정치성향은 약 70% 가량이 우익인사 내지 우익정당을 지지했고, 절대다수가 신탁통치를 반대했으며, 정부 형태로는 대의민주주의와 삼권분립을 지지했다. 특별히 미소공위에서 이승만과 김구를 제외시키려는 소련의 태도에 대해서 강력하게 반대했다. 이런 점에서 해방직후 한국인의 정치지향은 우익, 즉 서구민주주의라고 말할 수 있다. 그러나 여론조사에 나타난 남한인들의 경제성향은 극단적인 공산주의도 극단적인 자본주의도 다같이 배격하고 있다. 남한인들은 분명하게 북한식의 토지개혁을 지지하지 않았다. 일본 기업에 대해서는 국유화에 찬성하고 있으나 일본의 토지에 대해서는 국유화와 사유화가 비슷하며, 남한 대지주들의 토지에 대해서는 유상매매에 대한 지지가 많았다. 이것은 경제정책에 있어서 온건한 유럽식 사회주의를 지향한다고 볼 수 있다.This paper studies the social attitudes of South Koreans indicated through an opinion poll conducted by the American Military Government in Korea (AMGIK) in 1946. Some scholars criticized that this poll was politically biased due to AMGIK’s perceived, right-wing tendencies at the time. However, the AMGIK actually held a middle way supporting for coalition of the lefts and the rights, and were weary of extreme right-wing tendencies. Nonetheless, the public opinion at the time was predominantly right-wing, especially in Seoul. About 70 percent of South Koreans in the polls supported rightists or right-wing parties; a large majority opposed Trusteeship and people’s democracy and preferred to a representative democracy and separation of legal, administrative, and judicial powers. In particular, the opinion polls indicated that the public strongly opposed the Soviet’s disposition to exclude Rhee Syungman and Kim Ku from the US-USSR Joint Commission. In light of this, it can be said that the political orientation of South Koreans immediately after its liberation was right leaning-as in, oriented towards a Western democracy. However, the polls indicated that South Koreans economic preferences were strongly against both extreme communism and extreme capitalism. South Koreans clearly did not support North Korea’s land reform in the polls. With respect of Japan’s companies, the public opinions favored nationalization of them; but with respect to Japanese’ lands, public opinion viewed nationalization as well as privatization of them. With respect of farm land of South Korean large land owner, there was much support for selling confiscation and selling distribution. So, in economy policy, public opinions resembled a moderate European social democracy.

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