Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is one of the most prevalent disorders. It consists of repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction that produce a reduction in respiratory flow during sleep. Sleep fragmentation, intermittent changes in intrathoracic pressure, and intermittent hypoxia cause an increase in sympathetic activity and oxidative stress and generate a proinflammatory state responsible for an increase in cardiovascular risk, type 2 diabetes, certain neoplasms, and dementia. The typical symptoms of OSA include snoring, observed apneas, and excessive daytime drowsiness. Women may have atypical presentations; therefore, it is important to have a high degree of suspicion in order to avoid underdiagnosis. It is necessary to perform a polysomnogram (PSG) to diagnose it. In patients with an intermediate or high probability of having the disease, a diagnosis can be established through a respiratory polygraph (RP). Proper sleep hygiene and treating obesity are fundamental for its treatment. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) non-invasive ventilation continues to be the most effective treatment, although there are other effective therapeutic measures available at present.
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