Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) is a chronic disease that predisposes individuals to multiple microangiopathic and macrovascular complications. Microangiopathic complications include diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic nephropathy, while macrovascular complications include coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease. This update reviews the prevalence, pathogenesis, forms of presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of these complications, emphasizing the importance of screening and early management to prevent progression and improve patients’ quality of life.
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