Smoke-Isolated Karrikins Stimulated Tanshinones Biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza through Endogenous Nitric Oxide and Jasmonic Acid.

Jie Zhou,Lan-Ping Guo,Hui Sun,Zi-Xin Xu

doi:10.3390/molecules24071229

Abstract

Although smoke-isolated karrikins (KAR1) could regulate secondary metabolism in medicinal plants, the signal transduction mechanism has not been reported. This study highlights the influence of KAR1 on tanshinone I (T-I) production in Salvia miltiorrhiza and the involved signal molecules. Results showed KAR1-induced generation of nitric oxide (NO), jasmonic acid (JA) and T-I in S. miltiorrhiza hairy root. KAR1-induced increase of T-I was suppressed by NO-specific scavenger (cPTIO) and NOS inhibitors (PBITU); JA synthesis inhibitor (SHAM) and JA synthesis inhibitor (PrGall), which indicated that NO and JA play essential roles in KAR1-induced T-I. NO inhibitors inhibited KAR1-induced generation of NO and JA, suggesting NO was located upstream of JA signal pathway. NO-induced T-I production was inhibited by SHAM and PrGall, implying JA participated in transmitting signal NO to T-I accumulation. In other words, NO mediated the KAR1-induced T-I production through a JA-dependent signaling pathway. The results helped us understand the signal transduction mechanism involved in KAR1-induced T-I production and provided helpful information for the production of S. miltiorrhiza hairy root.

Highlights

Smoke generating from burning plant material has been known to contain karrikins (KAR1 )—chemicals that are powerful germination promoters
Aremu et al [27] reported that treating Tulbaghia ludwigiana with smoke water caused a significant increase in the content of flavonoids compared to the control
Data obtained from this study indicated that KAR1 could enhance the content of tanshinone I (T-I) in S. miltiorrhiza, which implied that using

Summary

Introduction

Smoke generating from burning plant material has been known to contain karrikins (KAR1 )—chemicals that are powerful germination promoters. KAR1 plays a major role in natural systems as it is highly active at very low concentrations, shows great potential in agriculture [1] and is promising to be a new plant growth regulator [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Until now the effects and potential mechanisms of KAR1 on the accumulation of secondary metabolite in medicinal plants has not been reported. Commonly known as ‘Danshen’ in Chinese, is one of the most renowned medicinal herbs in China. Its roots and rhizomes have been widely used to remove blood stasis and to eliminate carbuncle throughout Chinese history [9]. Danshen has been widely used in medicine, food and cosmetics in European and American markets, which has increased the demand of

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Conclusion